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A person stands in a gym setting, focused on a laptop. Theyre wearing a black hoodie over a gray shirt. The background features a brick wall with posters and gym equipment. A small potted plant is visible on the table beside them.

Embracing AI: A Coach’s Guide to Transforming Your Practice

Blog| ByDillon Martinez

A person stands in a gym setting, focused on a laptop. Theyre wearing a black hoodie over a gray shirt. The background features a brick wall with posters and gym equipment. A small potted plant is visible on the table beside them.

My first introduction to Large Language Model Artificial Intelligence came from my uncle, Mark Martinez, a state champion head football coach and exceptional high jump instructor. Being personally involved in academia, pursuing a doctorate, and coaching, I was fascinated by the potential of this new technology to enhance my daily work. That same evening, I challenged Chat GPT to produce an APA-formatted, 500-word essay on coaching and teaching methods, complete with up-to-date references. Upon initiating the request, I was immediately struck by the rapid generation of content, the AI’s general comprehension of my query, and the prospective boost to my efficiency this novel tool might offer. 

Upon closer examination of the output, however, I noticed discrepancies in formatting, non-existent citations, and somewhat disjointed prose. While impressive, it was evident that the technology had limitations and still required human intervention.  

Nevertheless, my interest was thoroughly piqued! 

Since this initial introduction, I have spent considerable time immersed in the intersection of AI and education—giving presentations at conferences around the country, authoring articles, reading extensively on AI applications in higher education and K-12 settings, and even conducting a study with my colleagues involving over 300 educators on their AI usage and perceptions. Though I have been deep in the AI game for a few years now, I am blown away every day by a new feature or application for AI in my daily tasks.  

The speed at which the technology has increased and improved has been dizzying, while the reception it has garnered from the education profession—including coaches—has been mixed at best. This article is meant to tamp down the concerns of those who think it will only dull the minds of the user and bring back to earth those who might think it is a band-aid that can be slapped on the wound of being undereducated. 

The speed at which the technology has increased and improved has been dizzying, while the reception AI has garnered from the education profession—including coaches—has been mixed at best. Share on X

In my view, we do a disservice to our students, athletes, and clients if we choose to remain agnostic about AI usage. Even if you just have it double-check your work for errors, you are adding an extra level of assurance that you are offering the very best opportunities for growth to those who trust you enough to call you coach. 

My Journey with AI in Coaching 

The first time I used Claude Sonnet 3.7 to analyze my track team’s performance data, I felt like I had discovered the coach’s equivalent of a time machine. I uploaded several seasons worth of Excel sheets containing practice results, competition times, and individual progression metrics. Within minutes, Claude had processed years of training logs, competition results, and individual athlete progressions that would have taken me days to sift through manually. The insights were not just faster; they were also deeper, identifying patterns across seasons that I had completely missed despite my years of experience. 

I was not replaced, as many said would happen. I was being enhanced. 

Every time I start a task and think “this is taking too long,” I turn to AI for assistance. For example, when I collect data at practice, I usually write it down longhand on a notepad instead of entering it directly into Excel. This is significantly faster and helps the athletes get through their reps more efficiently. Previously, I would have to manually enter everything into Excel each evening. Now, I simply take a picture of my notepad and upload it to Claude, asking it to convert the data into an Excel file along with a brief analysis of the day’s results. After a couple of practice sessions, I can then ask the AI to analyze trends across multiple practices to determine if I need to adjust my training program going forward. 

What I have learned is simple, but powerful: AI is not a gimmick. It is not a replacement for your content knowledge and coaching expertise, but it is not going anywhere. 

When used effectively and efficiently, AI will not diminish our coaching abilities; instead, it will dramatically improve them. Share on X

As coaches, we need to embrace these tools for what they truly are, not what we fear they might be based on headlines or secondhand information. When used effectively and efficiently, AI will not diminish our coaching abilities; instead, it will dramatically improve them. 

Understanding the AI Coaching Mindset

Before diving into specific applications, I want to lay out three fundamental aspects of working with AI as coaches. 

1. How to Write Effective Prompts

The quality of the output from AI depends entirely on the input. Think of prompting as coaching AI—the more context, supporting documentation, and rationale you provide, the better your results. 

I have found these strategies particularly effective. 

  • Provide rich context: Don’t just ask for a “sprint workout plan.” Instead, explain that you are working with high school juniors who are struggling with their start acceleration in the 100m, have been training for three years, and are currently in the late pre-competition phase. 
  • Include examples: If you want a certain format or style, provide an example. “I’m looking for a workout schedule similar to this one I used last season, but with modifications for athletes returning from minor hamstring issues…” 
  • Ask the AI for clarification: One of my favorite techniques is ending my initial prompt with: “Before we start, do you have any questions that will help clarify what I am asking you to do?” 

Here is an example of a prompt I have used that follows these concepts.  

“Last spring, I had the privilege of coaching our high school’s track and field sprint squad through what turned out to be a really interesting season. Throughout those months, I meticulously tracked our athletes’ progress—everything from their quick 10-meter fly times to their full 40-yard dashes. I have all that data saved, along with our complete training schedule that we followed throughout the season. Now, as I’m planning for next season, I find myself sitting here with these spreadsheets and training calendars, knowing there’s a story in this data that could help us do even better next year. The numbers tell me how each athlete progressed, but I’d love a fresh set of eyes to help me understand what patterns might be hiding in there.  

What I want you to do is dive into this data with me—first to spot those patterns in how our athletes developed over the season, and then to look at how our training schedule might have influenced those outcomes. Maybe there were weeks where we hit the sweet spot with our training, or maybe there were missed opportunities we could capitalize on next time around? I’m about to share both the performance data and our training schedule from last season. Could you help me understand what story this data is telling, and then use those insights to suggest how we might refine our training approach for the upcoming season? I’m particularly interested in understanding not just what to change, but why those changes might help our athletes perform better. 

All the data you need is attached as PDF documents. 

Before we start, do you have any questions for me?”  

And here is the output produced by Claude Sonnet 3.7: 

A screenshot of a professional plan dashboard showing a morning greeting, message about athlete progress, and data-driven insights. Theres a chat interface at the bottom with suggested topics like Leveraging AI and Addressing Editor Feedback.

A text message with questions about track team performance. It inquires about data files, metrics tracked for various events, athlete grouping, significant events affecting performance, and training methodologies used.
Image 1&2. AI prompt and response.

As you can see, it noticed I didn’t attach the files I said I would and asked for me to provide them, along with some more background information. So, in the next chat I answered Claude’s questions and provided the files for review.  

Video 1 – Screen-Recording-AI

Video 1. Screen recording of Claude 3.7 analyzing the inputs. 

And here is what was produced:  

“Based on my analysis of your track team’s data, I can see several interesting patterns in both your training schedule and athlete performance. Here’s what the data is telling us and how we might refine your approach for next season: 

Key Training Schedule Insights 

Your current training schedule follows a well-structured periodization approach with distinct phases: 

1. Base Building Phase (Weeks 1-3)  

  • Gradual increase in Time Under Tension (TUT) from 11.5 to 14.5 seconds 
  • Focus on technique and introducing athletes to stimuli 

2. Loading Phase (Weeks 4-5)  

  • Dramatic increase to peak volume (80 seconds TUT in week 5) 
  • The jump from week 3 to week 4 represents a 417% increase in TUT 

3. Tapering Phase (Weeks 6-9)  

  • Steep initial decrease (44% drop from peak) 
  • Progressive reduction to 9 seconds TUT (93% below peak) 

4. Reload Phase (Weeks 10-11)  

  • Brief increase in volume to maintain adaptations 
  • Still significantly below peak (43.5 seconds TUT) 

5. Competition Phase (Weeks 12-13)  

  • Minimal TUT (5 and 3.5 seconds) 
  • Prioritizing freshness for championship competitions 

Athlete Performance Analysis 

Analyzing your athletes’ improvements across various metrics revealed: 

1. Top Performers:  

  • Fastest male: ****** 
  • Fastest female: ******** 
  • Most improved male: ********* (13% average improvement) 
  • Most improved female: ******** (7.12% improvement) 

2. Grade-Level Differences:  

  • Sophomores (grade 10) showed the highest average improvement (4.6%) 
  • Seniors (grade 12) showed the lowest average improvement (1.95%) 
  • Freshmen (grade 9) had the fastest average 40y dash times for males 

3. Gender Differences:  

  • Male athletes showed greater variance in improvement rates 
  • Female athletes in grade 10 demonstrated particularly consistent improvements 

Recommendations for Next Season 

Based on these insights, here are specific refinements that could enhance your training approach: 

  1. Base Building Phase
  • Extend to 4 weeks to allow better adaptation, especially for younger athletes 
  • Implement more gradual TUT increases (e.g., 11.5→13.5→17→22) to prepare for the loading phase 
  • Consider differentiating volume between experienced and novice athletes 
  1. Loading Phase
  • Smooth the transition into peak loading (the 417% jump is likely too aggressive) 
  • Implement a more gradual build-up to peak (e.g., 22→40→60→80) 
  • Consider gender-specific loading profiles as your data shows different adaptation patterns 
  1. Tapering Phase
  • Create a more stepped taper rather than the sharp initial drop 
  • Consider a pattern like 80→65→50→35→20 seconds TUT 
  • Individualize taper rates for upperclassmen vs. underclassmen (data suggests different recovery needs) 
  1. Targeted Development
  • Customize training for different grade levels – your freshmen seem to respond well to speed work while sophomores show the best overall development 
  • The data suggests grade 10 athletes are in a “sweet spot” for improvement – consider how to capitalize on this developmental window 
  • For seniors, focus more on race-specific preparation and maintaining existing abilities 
  1. Supplementary Changes
  • Continue using the effective competition preparation phase approach (minimal TUT in final weeks) 
  • Consider shorter, more frequent lactate workouts during the loading phase instead of concentrated volume 
  • Add targeted acceleration development for athletes showing the largest gaps between fly times and push/dash times 

Application for Next Season 

To implement these changes effectively: 

  1. Individualize training clusters – group athletes by development pattern rather than strictly by gender or event 
  2. Monitor 10m fly times frequently as an early indicator of adaptation 
  3. Introduce mini-tapers every 3-4 weeks to allow for better recovery 
  4. Extend the base phase but maintain your excellent competition phase approach 
  5. Create separate loading profiles for athletes based on grade level and recovery ability 

These adjustments should help smooth out the dramatic transitions in your training schedule while still maintaining the successful periodization approach that seems to have worked well for your athletes overall. 

Would you like me to elaborate on any particular aspect of these recommendations or discuss specific workout modifications for any phase of the season?” 

As you can see, the output was substantial. But it was so because I allowed Claude to ask clarifying question to gain information that I might not have thought to include in the prompt.   

2. How to Critique AI Outputs 

Obtaining information from AI is not the finish line; it is just the starting block. As coaches, our expertise is crucial in evaluating what we receive. 

  • Verify the information: Did the AI “hallucinate” a research study or training technique that does not actually exist? AI can occasionally fabricate sources or combine information inaccurately. 

In my work, AI most frequently hallucinates research that doesn’t exist. Because AI is programmed to be pleasing to the user, it will provide things it knows the user wants even when they don’t exist. That’s why I’ve incorporated specialized research AI tools like Consensus AI Scite, and PaperPal, which help me verify scientific claims and find legitimate research to ground my training methods. 

In my work, AI most frequently hallucinates research that doesn't exist. Because AI is programmed to be pleasing to the user, it will provide things it knows the user wants even when they don't exist. Share on X
  • Compare with your expertise: Does the suggested approach align with your coaching philosophy and what you know to be effective for your specific athletes? AI provides suggestions based on patterns in its training data, but you know your athletes personally. 

3. Understanding Your Coaching Domain

Arguably, having a deep understanding of the subject matter is the most crucial aspect of using AI well. Crafting effective prompts requires familiarity with the specific vocabulary related to the intended output of the prompt.  

To effectively judge AI outputs, you must first have a comprehensive understanding of what quality looks like in your domain. You should be capable of creating what you are seeking without any AI assistance; AI simply helps you do it better or faster. 

Think of AI as: 

  • An extra set of hands that can analyze piles of data in minutes instead of hours (I have experienced this firsthand, both when conducting qualitative thematic analysis as part of my doctoral work as well as crunching quantitative track practice data). 
  • An extra set of eyes that functions as one of the best editors you will ever work with. You can ask it to check for specific issues in your training plans or ensure that your approach aligns with the research or methodology you are basing it on. 
Having a deep understanding of the subject matter is the most crucial aspect of using AI well. Crafting effective prompts requires familiarity with the specific vocabulary related to the intended output of the prompt. Share on X

Real-World Applications: AI in Track and Performance Coaching

Every season, I create a comprehensive practice plan and meticulously record data for each athlete on my team. I maintain a Google Sheet that houses all our athletes’ event records and practice metrics, such as 30m pushes from blocks, 10m flies, 10-yard flies, 40-yard dashes, and similar measurements. Each separate page of the Google Sheet represents a season and its collected data. Throughout the season, I track multiple data points to ensure that acceleration, max velocity, and speed endurance are improving as expected. 

The data collected throughout the course of the season helped me adjust my plan, determine the needed rest days that I had not planned for, and make decisions about relay team composition. With AI, I’ve elevated this process significantly. 

Now, I can feed years of historical team data into Claude or Grok—including past training plans and season outcomes—and ask it to identify trends, patterns, training gaps, or new training ideas tailored specifically to my team’s history. The beauty of this approach is that the suggestions are not based on generic articles about track teams in completely different contexts (like Florida!), they are individualized to my specific program and athletes! 

This has always been the ultimate goal in coaching: to provide maximally-individualized attention in the most efficient way possible. 

Furthermore, I have begun creating AI-assisted training plans for individual athletes. When I have a multi-event athlete plateauing while teammates continue to set PRs, I can ask the AI to help create a specialized plan (based on the team’s overarching framework) that addresses their specific needs. 

Here’s a real-world example of how I might prompt AI to help with an athlete-specific issue: 

“I have a sophomore male sprinter suffering from significant shin splints midway through our season. He’s an integral member of our 4x100m relay team that’s currently ranked top three in the state. I need to maintain his max velocity and speed endurance while reducing volume to help his shins heal. Based on my coaching philosophy of prioritizing quality over quantity and focusing on technical efficiency, what would you recommend to ensure he’s ready for the state meet in six weeks?” 

Here’s what the AI provided in response: 

“Based on your coaching philosophy of quality over quantity and technical efficiency, here’s a modified training approach for your sophomore sprinter with shin splints who needs to be ready for state: 

SHORT-TERM RECOVERY PLAN (WEEK 1-2): 

  1. Reduce ground contacts by 40-50% while maintaining intensity • Replace 2-3 track sessions with pool sprints or AlterG treadmill work if available  
  2. • Limit starts to 3-5 quality reps twice weekly vs. normal volume  
  3. • Focus on technical drills emphasizing proper dorsiflexion and foot strike 
  4. Implement daily rehabilitation protocol: • Morning: 10-minute ice therapy and controlled ankle mobility work • Post-practice: 15-minute contrast bath therapy  
  5. • Evening: Compression sleeves and elevation  
  6. • 2-3x weekly sports massage targeting anterior compartment 
  7. Cross-training to maintain fitness:  
  8. • Upper body/core circuit training 4x weekly  
  9. • Stationary bike intervals (30sec on/90sec off) for anaerobic maintenance • 
  10.  Aqua sprinting with resistance for power maintenance 

TRANSITION PHASE (WEEK 3-4): 

  1. Progressive return to track work: • Begin with straight-line acceleration work on softer surfaces (grass) • 60-70% normal volume with 100% intensity on technical days • Introduce curve running gradually with emphasis on relaxation • Continue relay exchange practice with walkthrough technique focus 
  2. Modified speed endurance work: • Break longer repetitions into smaller segments with complete recovery • Example: Instead of 2x200m, use 2x(60m+60m+80m) with full recovery • This maintains quality while reducing continuous impact 

STATE PREPARATION (WEEK 5-6): 

  1. Race modeling with extended recovery: • Full-intensity relay leg simulations with 2x normal recovery time • 2-3 relay practice sessions weekly with emphasis on exchange efficiency • One time-trial simulation per week at 90-95% effort 
  2. Peaking strategy: • Gradually return to normal volume by week 5, maintaining high intensity • Final 7 days: sharp reduction in volume while maintaining frequency • 48-hour pre-competition protocol emphasizing nervous system readiness 

Throughout this plan, I would suggest daily monitoring of pain levels (1-10 scale), performing regular single-leg balance tests to assess neuromuscular control, and tracking 10m fly times once weekly to ensure velocity is maintained despite reduced volume. 

This approach should allow your athlete to maintain his speed qualities while giving the shin splints adequate time to heal before the championship meet.” 

What I appreciate about this response is how it addresses the immediate issue (shin splints) while keeping focus on the ultimate goal (state meet performance). The AI has broken down the six-week period into logical phases with specific, actionable recommendations that align with my coaching approach. I could implement this plan immediately, while still making adjustments based on how the athlete responds. 

Or, even if I do not want AI to create a plan, I can use AI as a sounding board to help me get to the bottom of the issue. 

Can I perform all these tasks without AI? Absolutely, I have for years. However, the improved quality of output when I provide sufficient context, combined with the time savings, makes it almost irresponsible not to use these tools. I have more time with my growing family and for my academic work and teaching, while my athletes benefit from more personalized training plans tailored to their individual needs. 

AI as a Programming Partner 

Not long ago, I had a conversation with one of my best friends, Reid Peters, who is the head strength coach at William and Mary College in Virginia. He told me about the mountain of data he collects on his athletes and how daunting it can be to sort through it all, compile it into actionable information, identify buckets that need to be filled, and then create 120 programs that meet the needs of his athletes—not just based on position groups, but based on the individual. 

To address this common situation, let me provide an example of a prompt I would write to get the ball rolling in this monumental endeavor. I will then point out some subtleties. 

“Hello! I am the head strength coach for a college football team preparing for our 12-week winter/spring offseason program beginning January 10th. 

We have collected extensive performance data on our athletes over the fall season, and I need help analyzing patterns and creating individualized programming recommendations. 

I will provide our testing data in CSV format with individual athlete results separated by position group (OL, DL, LB, DB, WR, QB, RB). 

Our key performance indicators include: (Insert specific KPIs with measurement units – e.g., Trap Bar Deadlift (% bodyweight), 10yd Sprint (seconds), etc.) 

I am attaching our departmental article outlining ideal KPI targets by position group, which explains how and why these specific metrics correlate with on-field performance. 

Additional context: 

  • We have 3 strength coaches working with 85 scholarship athletes. 
  • Access to 12 power racks, 10 platforms, and a 40-yard indoor turf area. 
  • Training sessions limited to 75 minutes, 4 days/week. 
  • Previous year’s testing data included for comparison—Spring practice begins March 15th. 

Based on this information, please: 

  1. Identify the 3 most significant team-wide performance gaps compared to our ideal KPIs. 
  2. For each position group, determine the most critical area needing improvement. 
  3. For the athletes with the largest performance discrepancies, create individualized focus areas for my review. 
  4. Recommend programming strategies that accommodate our facility/time constraints. 
  5. Suggest a testing schedule to track progress throughout the 12-week period. 

Before we start, do you have any questions about our testing protocols, athlete population, or what format would be most helpful for your analysis and recommendations?” 

Notice that this prompt is exceptionally comprehensive. Its level of detail is such that an individual lacking substantial knowledge of the subject matter would struggle to generate it, as they would not possess the necessary understanding to formulate appropriate questions in the first place. 

Now, let us break down why this is a good prompt: 

  1. Clear context and timeline: The coach immediately establishes the specific program length (12 weeks) and provides important dates (January 10th start, March 15th, Spring practice). This temporal context is crucial for AI to understand the training windows. 
  2. Data format specification: By mentioning the CSV format and position group organization, the coach prepares the AI for the expected data structure, which significantly improves the analysis accuracy. 
  3. Specific metrics with units: The prompt specifies not only which KPIs to analyze but also includes their measurement units, eliminating ambiguity. 
  4. Supporting documentation: The coach referenced an attached article explaining ideal targets and their relationship with performance, providing the AI with crucial background knowledge. 
  5. Real-world constraints: The prompt outlines practical limitations (three coaches, 85 athletes, equipment availability, time constraints) that any recommendations must work within—something many coaches forget to specify. 
  6. Historical context: By mentioning and providing the previous year’s data, the coach enables trend analysis rather than just a snapshot view. 
  7. Clearly structured deliverables: The numbered list clearly defines exactly what the coach wants, in priority order. 
  8. Open-ended follow-up invitation: The final question invites clarification, which often leads to important details being revealed before the analysis begins. 

When writing a prompt, I want to be confident that it will produce actionable, contextualized recommendations rather than generic training advice. This example provides the AI with everything it needs to provide truly individualized insights that account for the complete coaching environment. 

When writing a prompt, I want to be confident that it will produce actionable, contextualized recommendations rather than generic training advice. Share on X

Pro Tips for Coaches Using AI

Through trial, and lots of error, I’ve developed several strategies that significantly improve AI’s usefulness in coaching contexts. I put many of these tips into action in the example prompt above, but here they are broken down: 

Upload Supporting Documents

Writing lengthy prompts is valuable, but often, your requests will be based on existing materials—articles, past training plans, or images. Instead of re-typing everything, simply upload those documents along with a brief prompt. 

For example, I teach a speed coaching course at my university and offer it as a standalone certification as well. For these courses, I have written two e-books defining my entire approach to speed development and the factors I consider when creating training plans. Rather than rewriting my philosophy each time I need to adjust something, I simply upload my e-books into the AI chat as a starting point. The AI then has everything it needs to know about my coaching approach to help me make programmatic decisions that are aligned with my methodology. 

You do not need to write books for this to work, but having solid, long-form prompts that you know you will use again tucked away is a good idea. This leads to my next point. 

Save Effective Prompts

I maintain a dedicated folder on my computer for prompts that generate excellent results. From revamping course syllabi to tracking my speed clients’ progress, I preserve the prompts that consistently deliver value to my end user.  

This saves a tremendous amount of time when addressing similar coaching challenges in the future. I will include a bunch of useful prompts at the end of this article.  

Choose the Right AI Tools

While many options exist, I recommend focusing on established platforms. 

  • Grok offers impressive capabilities, particularly for data analysis and real time information. 
  • Claude is the tool I’m most familiar with and find exceptionally helpful for coaching applications. 
  • ChatGPT remains solid, although it has also received the most attention as the first widely-adopted platform. 

Stay informed about updates to each platform to determine which one best suits your specific coaching needs. Consider factors like: 

  • Internet connectivity for accessing real-time information. 
  • Document upload capabilities. 
  • Data visualization features. 
  • Mobile accessibility for sideline use. 

Differentiating for Individual Athletes Beyond Track 

Although my background is in track, AI’s potential extends across all coaching domains. Here are some applications beyond the track that leverage the same individualization principles. 

For Recovery Protocols 

Recovery is increasingly recognized as crucial to performance, yet it is highly individualized. AI can help process multiple data points, sleep quality, subjective fatigue ratings, HRV measurements, and previous recovery responses to suggest personalized recovery protocols. 

A wrestler cutting weight while maintaining performance could receive AI-generated nutrition and recovery plans that account for their specific metabolic needs, training load, and competition schedule, all based on their individual data, rather than generic recommendations. 

For Mental Performance 

Mental skills coaches can use AI to identify patterns in performance anxiety or concentration issues across different competition settings. By analyzing competition journals, performance metrics, and pre-competition routines, AI can help identify triggers and suggest personalized mental skills interventions for athletes. 

A golfer struggling with performance consistency could receive an AI-assisted analysis identifying that their putting performance decreases specifically in the final three holes when leading, which might take months to identify through traditional coaching methods alone. 

Getting Started with AI in Your Coaching Practice

If you’ve never used AI tools before, the prospect might seem daunting. Here’s a simple roadmap to get you started without feeling overwhelmed: 

Step 1: Choose Your First AI Tool

Start with one platform rather than trying several simultaneously. I recommend Claude or ChatGPT as beginner-friendly options. Both have free tiers that allow you to experiment before committing financially. 

  • Sign up at claude.ai or chat.openai.com. 
  • Take 10 minutes to explore the interface. 
  • Look for options to upload documents (this will be valuable later). 

Step 2: Begin with a Simple, Low-Stakes Task

Your first AI interaction doesn’t need to be revolutionary. Here are three simple starter tasks: 

  1. Ask it to explain a coaching concept you already understand well. This helps you gauge the AI’s baseline knowledge in your domain. 
  2. Have it proofread an existing document like a practice plan or parent communication. Type: “Please proofread this document for clarity, grammar, and tone, suggesting improvements where appropriate.” 
  3. Draft a standard email template you send frequently. For example: “Create an email template I can send to athletes who miss practice, emphasizing accountability while maintaining a supportive tone.” 

Step 3: Try a Coaching-Specific Prompt 

Once comfortable with the basics, try this simple prompt template: 

“I am a (sport) coach working with (age/level) athletes. I need help creating a (practice plan/drill/feedback script) focused on (specific skill or concept). My athletes are currently struggling with (specific issue). Their strengths include (strengths). Our practice environment includes (equipment/space/time constraints). Can you provide a detailed (practice plan/drill/feedback script) that addresses these needs?” 

Fill in the parentheses with your specific information, and you’ll receive a customized response you can evaluate and adapt. 

Step 4: Incorporate Document Uploads 

Once you’re comfortable with basic prompts, try uploading a relevant document—perhaps a research article about your sport or a previous practice plan. Then ask: 

“Based on this document and my context as a (sport) coach with (level) athletes, what are 3 key ideas I could implement in my next practice?” 

Step 5: Create a Prompt Journal 

Start a simple document or note on your phone where you save prompts that worked well. Include: 

  • The exact prompt text. 
  • What you liked about the response. 
  • How you might modify it next time. 

Here are 12 specific prompts that track coaches focused on short sprints might find particularly valuable: 

  1. “Analyze these 10m, 30m, and 60m sprint times from our last three practices and identify which athletes are showing the greatest improvements in acceleration vs. top-end speed.” 
  2. “Based on these results from our 4x100m relay team and their splits, calculate the exchange efficiency for each handoff and suggest technical adjustments.” 
  3. “Create a periodized 8-week plan for improving 200m performance for a sprinter who’s strong in acceleration but struggles with maintaining speed on the curve. The program I have been using doesn’t seem to meet the needs of this athlete. They are also a soccer player who practices MWF with their soccer team for 2 hours, and then on TTH, they practice with us” 
  4. “Compare these block start reaction times and 10m split times from practice to identify correlations between stance setup and initial acceleration. These are from the same athlete” 
  5. “Come up with three cues to improve arm mechanics for a 100m sprinter who drops their elbows during the final 30m of their race. My go-to cues don’t seem to resonate” 
  6. “Analyze this season’s workout data for my top female 100m sprinter and identify the optimal volume-intensity balance that preceded her best performances.” 
  7. “Create a visualization template for tracking weekly training loads across acceleration, max velocity, and speed endurance sessions throughout a 16-week season and apply it to the schedule I have provided.” 
  8. “Evaluate this video analysis data of ground contact times and stride frequency across my sprint group and recommend individualized cues for each athlete.” 
  9. “Generate a decision tree for modifying sprint workouts based on wind conditions ranging from +3.0 to -3.0 m/s.” 
  10. “Design a spreadsheet formula that automatically calculates speed decay percentage between first and second 100m in a 200m race.” 
  11. “Convert these handwritten practice notes into an organized Excel format with conditional formatting that highlights values outside the expected range.” 
  12. “Create an athlete-friendly explanation of how we’ll use GPS data from practice to individualize their flying sprint distances based on their stride patterns.” 
  13. “Here are the results from our last meet, create an email I can send out to parents that highlight PRs, wins, and other accomplishments.” 

Saving these prompts can become a valuable asset as you build your AI coaching arsenal, eliminating the need to start from scratch each time you sit down at your computer. 

Remember, your first attempts don’t need to be perfect. The goal is to start small, experiment regularly, and gradually integrate AI into aspects of your coaching where it adds genuine value. Like any new coaching tool, proficiency comes with consistent practice and reflection. 

The Future of AI in Coaching

As AI tools continue to evolve, we are likely to see even more specialized applications for coaches. Things like real-time analysis of practice footage with immediate feedback suggestions, predictive injury prevention based on subtle changes in movement patterns, comprehensive development tracking that integrates physical, technical, tactical, and psychological factors, and virtual assistant capabilities that handle administrative tasks while coaches focus on athlete relationships. 

The coaches who thrive will be those who leverage AI to handle time-consuming tasks while they focus on what matters most: the human connection, motivation, and nuanced guidance that no algorithm can provide. Share on X

However, the fundamental principle remains: AI will never replace quality coaching itself. The coaches who thrive will be those who leverage AI to handle the time-consuming analytical tasks while they focus on what matters most: the human connection, motivation, and nuanced guidance that no algorithm, prompt, or engine can provide. 

Final Thoughts: Embracing the AI Coaching Revolution 

Let me be completely transparent: adopting AI in your coaching practice requires an initial investment of time and effort. Learning to write effective prompts, critically evaluating outputs, and building systems that work for specific contexts does not happen overnight. Just as you have continuously evolved your coaching methods throughout your career, incorporating AI represents the next evolution, not a replacement of your hard-earned wisdom but an amplification of it! 

Coaches who resist this change will eventually find themselves at a competitive disadvantage. I just had a student ask me last week why more professors do not teach them how to use AI effectively. She said, “They know we will need to know how to use it, but they refuse to learn how to use it themselves or teach us how to use it! It’s putting us at a disadvantage.” Do not put your athletes at a disadvantage by not taking advantage of the tools at your disposal. Coaches who embrace it thoughtfully will discover what I have: more time for what matters most, deeper insights into their athletes’ needs, and ultimately, better performance outcomes. 

I encourage you to start small, experiment consistently, and approach AI with the same growth mindset you foster in your athletes. The future of coaching is not human or artificial intelligence; it is the powerful combination of both! 

P.S 

If you would like to further this conversation, I would love to be of assistance! You can reach me at [email protected] 

A person in athletic shorts and a blue shirt is seen mid-air, jumping over a hurdle on a track. The track is red with white lines, and the field is covered in green artificial turf.

Developing a Plyometric Training Routine for Sprinters

Blog| ByJack Shaw

A person in athletic shorts and a blue shirt is seen mid-air, jumping over a hurdle on a track. The track is red with white lines, and the field is covered in green artificial turf.

Improving competition results requires better sprint speed and performance; for any runner, however, developing both of those qualities is complicated. If you create an effective routine, plyometric training may help your sprinters get faster.  

Learning more about what makes a plyometric program effective will help you coach your athletes to greater success while avoiding any guesswork along the way. 

Why Plyometric Training Is Crucial for Sprinters

Load monitoring is fundamental for any sprinter’s success. You’ll update each athlete’s workout focus based on their latest competition benchmarks, but the various aspects can get hazy. I’ve found myself focused on helping my sprinters with internal load training to maximize their self-perception while running, but it meant that my external load monitoring fell behind. That’s why I’m passionate about reminding coaches to utilize plyometrics routines. 

I’ve found myself focused on helping my sprinters with internal load training to maximize their self-perception while running, but it meant that my external load monitoring fell behind. Share on X

Plyometrics provides numerous physical and mental health benefits for athletes within four adaptable phases. Once you know the foundational premise of each phase, you can customize the training to your sprinter’s training needs: 

  • Phase 1: Improving coordination and movement. 
  • Phase 2: Refining landing mechanics. 
  • Phase 3: Honing the explosive power in each step. 
  • Phase 4: Practicing movements with short stretches prior to jumping.

The first phase targets coordination and movement. This type of exercise begins when kids are young, because these activities include skipping rope, running, and other kinds of general play. Athletes can repeat the same maneuvers to challenge their neuromuscular system with repetitive movements. Exercises like box jumps and jumping sprint tucks are helpful in this phase.  

Phase two practices landing mechanics. The control of each plyometric movement in this phase is more important than intensity. Precise landings teach the neuromuscular system to adapt to eccentric contractions at varying joint rotations. Unilateral and bilateral training enhance stabilization in single-leg landing tests, which puts more importance on practicing pogo hops, box jumps and other exercises outlined in a study from the College of Physical Education. 

A detailed table outlines an 8-week jump training program divided into unilateral and bilateral sessions, each with specific exercises including horizontal jumps, reactive jumps, and drop jumps, with varying reps and progression over the weeks.

A series of six bar charts compare jump performance metrics between Group 1 (blue) and Group 2 (orange). Metrics include CMJ Peak Landing Force, CMJ Peak Power, CMJ Peak Force, % Maximum Negative Displacement, SLJ Toe Stabilization, and SLJ Peak Landing Force.
Figure 1A & 1B. 8-week session model and jump performance metrics. Data source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11366841/pdf/jssm-23-647.pdf 

Athletes should also incorporate phase three of plyometric training into their routines between competitions. This phase includes a specific focus on concentric contractions to maximize explosive power from kinetic energy gained with each step, ultimately improving your athlete’s speed. Small hurdle jumps and bench drives may hone this benefit in sprinters needing less system stiffness to improve their time. The key is giving them time to practice the muscle contractions that happen each time they push themselves off the ground through jumps or steps. 

The final phase concerns conditioning your athlete’s power to develop their stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). Movements with short stretches before each jump lengthen and contract muscles to prepare sprinters for hurdle jumps. Combining SSC plyometric exercises like squat jumps or bounding with jogging improves an athlete’s sprint performance by making muscles more used to functioning like well-oiled springs. 

Key Factors for Competitive Training Advancement

Adding plyometric routines to an athlete’s workouts is best done with precision. You’ll need to know how their current practices aid their competition performance and what they must strengthen. These benchmarks change over time, so coaches should always provide adaptive routines that refresh between events. 

Adding plyometric routines to an athlete’s workouts is best done with precision. You’ll need to know how their current practices aid their competition performance and what they must strengthen. Share on X

First, remember to increase jump intensity gradually. It’s crucial to assess how an athlete responds to plyometrics when they become a standard part of training before advancing the intensity of a specific movement. If the plyometric training is too intense too soon, the sprinter’s central nervous system may require valuable recovery time. Muscle tissue injuries may also occur if the athlete doesn’t receive proper training before plyometric workouts become too advanced. 

Additionally, sprinters need time to hone plyometric movement techniques. Completing each training motion without proper form can lead to undesired muscle compensations. When sprinters compound those subconscious compensations with intensified workouts, they may become more at risk for injury.  

Changing volume with intensity is another vital part of coaching sprinters through plyometric training. Overloading an athlete with only one specific exercise prevents them from strengthening their muscles, joints, and perception. If box jumps feel intense for an athlete, doing fewer repetitions to reduce the volume refines the exercises to what their body can handle. Meanwhile, movements that feel lower in intensity can increase in reps. Refining both aspects of plyometric training according to what each athlete is currently capable of doing provides better balance and long-term performance results. 

Coaches should also select their word choice carefully to guide their athletes through jump-focused routines. When I coach my sprinters through skips during the first phase of plyometric activities, I tell them to grip the track and push up. The phrase reminds them to practice long jump takeoffs by rolling through their heels first, which better prepares them for events while doing eccentric contractions. 

Plyometrics can assist in any phase of a sprinter’s training progression. Whether they’re working on speed endurance, explosive movements, or peak sprint times, wielding jump-centric workouts with purposeful coaching flexibility will help your sprinters reach their desired outcomes. Your efforts may even prevent speed plateaus by incorporating conditioning drills during off-seasons through plyometric exercises and the need to diversify them with standard cardio workouts. 

Example of Plyometric Training Routine for Sprinters

If you’re ready to add more plyometric training to your programming, build personalized routines on a common foundation. This is the starter routine I’ve used to estimate which exercises my athletes should do, how many times they should do them, and what a comprehensive routine could look like for each sprinter.  

Exercise  Sets/Repetitions  Benefits 
Skipping (Jumping Rope)  100 skips/3  Decreases muscle stiffness with low-impact exercise. 
Box Jumps  Five continuous jumps/5  Reduces injury risk related to landing after hurdle jumps when box jumps happen continuously. 
Alternate-Leg Horizontal Bounding  Five bounds per leg/7  Improves sprint acceleration before a race. 
Single-Leg Hurdle Hops  Three hops per leg/4  Can enhance jumping and sprinting speed when the hurdles are equal to the athlete’s competitive hurdle height (between 6-42 inches). 

Maximizing your athlete’s specific strengths, like stride length or speed, comes down to their personalized workouts. You should add or adjust example rounds with similar phase-related exercises for athletes with more stamina. 

Assessing Sprinters for Stamina Prior to Plyometric Routines

Developing a custom exercise routine is more challenging if you’re unsure of an athlete’s strengths and weaknesses. In that case, you may need to perform stamina testing before plyometric training. Assessing your athletes can help you identify how they perform in three key categories: 

  1. Power
  2. Strength  
  3. Stability 

Vertical jump tests identify how much power your athlete can generate while going from standing to a mid-air position. Broad jumps then demonstrate how far that generated force can take them. They may need more power-centric plyometric movements to address a lack of force or distance, like deficit lunges. 

Your athlete’s stability allows them to push off the ground and land without hesitation before their next steps. Their stance and contact times during sprints may indicate a need for more stability training with jump-focused movements. I also assess this ability by timing my athletes while they stand on one leg or perform calf raises for 60 seconds. 

The key to any assessment is using multiple layers of inference to determine an athlete’s capabilities. You need to know how their combined strength, power, and stability are working to customize a plyometric training routine that improves their competition outcomes. 

Flowchart illustrating the relationship between various factors influencing rugby player selection and performance, focusing on tackle ability and 1-RM back squat, interconnected through performance indicators and assessments.
Figure 2. Performance measures and competitive outcomes. Creative Commons, Image source: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2024.1406997/full

Turning Assessment Data Into Effective Routines

After finishing an assessment, you’ll have a list of notes to compile into an actionable workout routine. I have felt a bit lost at times when I’ve reached this stage, but then I go back to the distinct phases of plyometric movements to pinpoint exercises for each area of opportunity. 

Direction was challenging for one of my sprinters (who had recently) recovered from a hamstring strain—they veered too close to their lane markers when they landed after a hurdle. Directional-specific jumps trained the muscles when landing without the exertion of a sprint. Single-leg ankle hops and cone drills were the most helpful adjustments to their routine. 

 You might also have an athlete with a high flight-time to stride-length ratio. You’ll see this when an athlete spends more time in the air after a hurdle jump than the time it takes to cross a distance on the ground. Plyometrics focused on horizontal jumps, like step-ups, can reduce the ratio by changing how they approach getting over hurdles. It’s an excellent assistive technique while coaching sprinters to practice using 90%-93% of their effort during float sections of their events. 

Deceleration control is another issue that can arise for sprinters. They need to slow their pace after an event comparable to their explosive starts. Deceleration encompasses merge control and speed, which may benefit sprinters struggling with this crucial part of competitions. 

Scheduling Rest for Optimal Recovery

Plyometric movements are high-intensity, especially if your athletes are focusing on single-leg exercises. The standard rest time between reps is two to four minutes, but that’s not enough time for optimal recovery. Rest days must be standard for routine practices so the muscle fibers can heal and become stronger before the next workout.  

When the athletes find their body’s recovery timeline paired with plyometric training routines designed for their biggest growth opportunities, you’ll help each sprinter achieve their best competition performances. Share on X

Adding rest days after jump-centric routines or varying them between cardio workouts will ease muscle strain so the tissue can become stronger, leading to the desired competition results. The number of rest periods will depend on each athlete’s ability to feel ready for more training, which also relates to their lifestyle, stress levels and nutritional intake. 

Understanding your athletes on an individual level will key you into how much rest each person needs. When they find their body’s recovery timeline paired with plyometric training routines designed for their biggest growth opportunities, you’ll help each sprinter achieve their best competition performances yet. 

A person in a black athletic outfit runs on a grassy field while holding a rugby ball. The sun sets in the background, casting a warm glow over the scene. Stadium seating and trees are visible in the distance.

Programming Resisted Sprints on the 1080 Sprint: Setting Speed Limits and the Impact on Sprint Kinetics

Blog| ByJonathan Ward

A person in a black athletic outfit runs on a grassy field while holding a rugby ball. The sun sets in the background, casting a warm glow over the scene. Stadium seating and trees are visible in the distance.

The 1080 Sprint is a machine that can be used to train a variety of athletic movements, such as resisted sprints, assisted sprints, jumps, and change of direction activities. A key feature of the 1080 Sprint is the setting where you can manually set the desired velocity of the movement: for example, when performing a resisted sprint, you can set the maximal velocity that the athlete can accelerate to at 4.0 m/s. Or, if performing an assisted sprint, you can set the speed at 9.0 m/s and it will tow the athlete to this speed and then stay at that pace.  

The benefit of training athletes at specific velocities is to strategically overload the kinetic qualities of force and power. As observed in Figure 1 below, there is an inverse linear relationship between force and velocity, and a parabolic (u-shaped) relationship between power and velocity. If you run with a heavy sled, you won’t be going anywhere fast but you will be creating a lot of force. If you make that sled a little lighter, your force output will decrease but you will be moving faster and creating more power.  

Understanding these interactions allows coaches to prescribe resisted sprint training to strategically target the kinetic demands of specific sprint phases.  

Graph illustrating the relationship between velocity (m/s) and force or power during resisted sprints. A downward sloping line depicts force, while an upward curve illustrates power. Marked points indicate F0, Fopt, Pmax, vopt, and v0. Axes are clearly labeled for clarity.
Figure 1. Overlay of the relationships between Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity (Credit: Cross et al. 2016) 
A line graph depicting speed (m/s) vs. position (m) features four colorful lines: red, green, orange, and black, each illustrating an increasing, wavy pattern akin to resisted sprints from 0 to 20 meters with varying amplitudes.
Figure 2. 1080 Sprint trace showing the velocity of a 1kg, 10kg run, 20kg run, and a 30kg run.
A graph illustrates four sinusoidal waveforms in yellow, black, green, and red, plotted over a 0 to 20-meter x-axis. Representing force in Newtons from 0 to 600 on the y-axis, these decreasing amplitude waves might resemble dynamics observed in resisted sprints.
Figure 3. 1080 Sprint trace showing the force of a 1kg, 10kg run, 20kg run, and a 30kg run.
A line graph displays four oscillating lines in red, green, orange, and black, representing power (W) during resisted sprints over a position range of 0 to 20. The y-axis spans from 0 to 2000. Each line reaches unique peaks and troughs at varying amplitudes.
Figure 4. 1080 Sprint trace showing the power of a 1kg, 10kg run, 20kg run, and a 30kg run.

The 1080 Sprint traces above illustrate how changing the resistance impacts sprint kinetics. The 20m sprint (red) with 1kg shows the highest velocities, but the lowest force and power outputs. As resistance increases—progressing from 10kg (green) to 20kg (black) and 30kg (yellow)–velocity decreases while force and power outputs increase. The highest force and power outputs are seen in the 30kg (yellow) sprint, showing how heavier resistance shifts the athlete along the force-velocity curve, prioritising force development. It is important to note that the speed limit setting was not applied to these sprints—they are shown purely for demonstration purposes. 

Speed Limit (Velocity Decrements)

In my first article for SimpliFaster, about profiling and programming on the 1080 Sprint, I touched briefly on this speed limit setting. This article is a deeper dive into how I use the speed limit with resisted sprints and then analyse the velocity, force, and power outputs. I will also explain the advantages and disadvantages of using this setting compared to using the traditional load (kg) setting.  

To those not familiar with the 1080 Sprint’s speed limit setting, when performing resisted sprints it functions as a braking system, intermittently engaging to restrict the athlete’s speed. Rather than applying constant resistance, the system activates when the athlete exceeds the set velocity, momentarily braking until the speed drops back below the limit, at which point the resistance eases off. With this intermittent braking application, you will find that there are slight fluctuations above the speed limit during the run, as the braking mechanism continuously adjusts to maintain the target velocity range. 

To those not familiar with the 1080 Sprint's speed limit setting, when performing resisted sprints, it functions as a braking system, intermittently engaging to restrict the athlete's speed, Share on X

In my current role, I’m limited to using the 1080 Sprint indoors on just 20 meters of synthetic turf. Previously, however, I was able to use the 1080 Sprint both indoors and outdoors, incorporating resisted and assisted sprints. Despite having less space now, I still see notable improvements in athletes’ acceleration. 

What Is Velocity Decrement?

I will be using this term a lot throughout this article, so first I should define it. Velocity decrement (Vdec) refers to a reduction in an athlete’s sprinting velocity to a predetermined percentage of their maximum velocity. For example, an athlete with a max velocity of 10.0 m/s running with a 50% Vdec will be restricted to 50% of their max velocity, or 5.0 m/s. Other examples can be seen below in Figure 5.  

The table features columns for Velocity, Vdec, and Explanation with rows: 10.0 m/s, 0%, Athletes Vmax; 8.5 m/s, 15%, 85% of Vmax; 7.0 m/s, 30%, Resisted sprints at 70% of Vmax; 5.0 m/s, 50%, Half.
Figure 5. Example of a 10.0 m/s athlete and their calculated velocity decrements.

Key Principles for Using the Speed Limit Setting

The load you decide to program will depend on the stage of the sprint you want to target, and the velocity decrement you will then observe. Two previous articles by George Petrakos can guide you in your programming, with a first part on sled load prescription and second part on programming resisted sprints.  

For me, there are two key principles I use when using the Vdec setting on the 1080 Sprint. 

  1. I want the athlete to reach the target velocity before the end of the run—The athlete needs to reach the desired velocity before completing the run to take advantage of the Vdec setting. For example, if my 10.0 m/s athlete is running 15m with 30kg (heaviest setting on the 1080 Sprint Version 1), in addition to a 30% Vdec applied to the run, there is a good chance he won’t hit 7.0 m/s before the end of the 15m—meaning, he will not reap the benefits of the speed limit setting. To address this, I choose a weight that allows the athlete to achieve their target velocity before the end of the run. A general rule of thumb I use is that I want the athlete to hit the desired velocity at the halfway point of the run. So, for a 5m acceleration it would between the 2-3m mark, for a 10m accel at the 5m mark, and a 15m run at the 7-8m mark and so on.  
  2. I want minimal disruption to sprint technique when the speed limit kicks in—I want to avoid technical disruptions when the athlete hits the desired velocity. This issue can occur when a light load is paired with a large velocity decrement, for example 5kg with a 70% Vdec. In this case, the athlete explodes out the start due to the lighter resistance but will experience a sudden jolt as the speed limit kicks in, which has a high chance of disrupting their technique. To prevent this, I select a load that allows a smooth transition from the initial weight through to the desired velocity, allowing the athlete to maintain consistent mechanics throughout the sprint.  

What Is the Benefit of Using the Speed Limit Setting? 

You may be asking: why would I choose to use the speed limit setting if a certain load on the 1080 Sprint will cause the velocity reduction I want? 

  1. For large groups of athletes who have not yet undergone load-velocity profiling, it is difficult to determine the exact load needed to achieve a specific Vdec. If their maximum velocities are known, however, the speed limit setting on the 1080 Sprint allows for individualisation to each athlete.
  2. Athletes may accelerate beyond the desired velocity if the prescribed load is too light, meaning the athlete is training outside the intended velocity zone.
  3. The external load is insufficient to achieve large velocity decrements (e.g. >60% Vdec). In this case the speed limit setting provides an effective solution to ensure athletes work within the velocity range. 

Case Studies: Three Sprints with Three Different Interventions

Without further delay, let’s dive into the comparisons of the sprint kinetics of three interventions, each utilising different Vdec settings:  

  • Large Vdec of 65% over 5 meters. 
  • Moderate Vdec of 50% over 10 meters. 
  • Small Vdec of 30% over 15 meters. 

Analysing these three interventions provides insight into how velocity restrictions influence sprint kinetics, specifically velocity, force, and power, and shows how resisted sprint training can be tailored to target specific performance adaptations. 

Analysing these interventions provides insight into how velocity restrictions influence sprint kinetics—specifically velocity, force, and power—and shows how resisted sprints can be tailored to target specific adaptations. Share on X

5m Comparisons 

The version 1.0 of the 1080 Sprint machine is limited to a maximum resistance of 30kg, which is not heavy enough for some of my powerful rugby athletes to achieve velocity decrements greater than 50%. For these athletes, combining the 30kg resistance with the speed limit setting allows me to achieve the velocity loss, and the subsequent force and power outputs I’m after.  

Below you will find a comparison 12 professional rugby players. They ran a contrast of a 5m accel with 30kgs, followed by a 3–4-minute rest, and then a 5m accel with the 30kg plus their 65% Vdec speed limit set. They did this twice through, for a total of 4 runs. From this, I averaged their two runs from each protocol and the group results are below. 

The average 65% Vdec of the 12 players equalled 2.9 m/s, and in the right-hand column of the table you will find the percent difference between the two protocols. 

  30kg  30kg + 65% Vdec  % Difference 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.87  2.09  11.1 
Average velocity [m/s]  2.69  2.40  11.4 
Peak velocity [m/s]  3.89  3.10  22.6 
Average force [N]  379  416  9.3 
Peak force [N]  559  763  30.9 
Average power [W]  1054  1039  1.4 
Peak power [W]  1834  2221  14.5 

Table 1. Comparison of two 5m accelerations: one using 30kg of resistance and the other 30kg and a 65% Vdec applied. 

From the results, you can see the athletes completed the 5m/30kg protocol faster, and hit higher velocities, compared to the 5m/30kg/65%Vdec protocol. Whilst the average velocity in the 5m/30kg/65%Vdec protocol did not reach 2.9 m/s (as is to be expected over such a short distance with heavy resistance), you can see that the peak velocity was 22.6% lower compared to the 5m/30kg protocol. As previously discussed, the speed limit setting on the 1080 Sprint functions like a dynamic braking system that intermittently activates. This is evident as the peak velocity of 3.1 m/s slightly exceeds the set speed limit, demonstrating how powerful athletes re-accelerate beyond the limit before the system engages to bring them back within the target velocity. 

The force and power outputs demonstrate the other key differences between the two protocols. Average force was 9.3% higher (416 N vs. 379 N), peak force increased by 30.9% (763 N vs. 559 N), and peak power was 14.5% greater (2221 W vs. 1834 W). By contrast, average power was similar, with only a 1.4% difference between the two protocols. 

In summary, the 5m/30kg/65%vdec protocol resulted in higher force and peak power production, which makes it an effective tool for coaches and athletes wanting to overload the early acceleration phase.  

10m comparisons (with 0-5m and 5-10m splits)

Below, you will find individual data from four professional rugby athletes. The athletes completed two protocols on two different days. 

In the first session, they completed three 10m accelerations with a 15kg load and a speed limit set at 50% of each athlete’s Vdec. In the second session, I used the same format but increased the load to 20kg while maintaining the same speed limit. I selected these two loads to compare the initial acceleration phase (0–5m) sprint kinetics and observe whether the acceleration mechanics were impacted when the speed limit initiated on the lighter load (15kg). I can say now that I did not see—and the athletes did not feel—differences in technique between the 15kg and 20kg loads and the transition from load (kg) to the load plus the speed limit looked smooth. 

I then compared these two protocols to previous power profile data I have from each athlete. I took the load (kilogram) that elicited the same 50% Vdec during the 5-10m split to see which protocol resulted in higher force and power outputs. The results can be seen below.  

Athlete #1 – [Vdec @ 4.2 m.s]  15kg + 50% Vdec  20kg + 50% Vdec  24kg 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.56  1.69  1.74 
Average velocity [m/s]  3.21  2.97  2.88 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.37  4.19  4.19 
Average force [N]  227  279  329 
Peak force [N]  336  403  486 
Average power [W]  752  863  967 
Peak power [W]  1408  1641  1686 
5-10m Split  Split time [s]  1.20  1.20  1.20 
Average velocity [m/s]  4.16  4.17  4.17 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.42  4.37  4.57 
Average force [N]  276  285  306 
Peak force [N]  422  386  400 
Average power [W]  1201  1189  1291 
Peak power [W]  2204  1958  1873 
       
Athlete #2 – [Vdec @ 4.0 m.s]  15kg + 50% Vdec  20kg + 50% Vdec  27kg 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.62  1.71  1.80 
Average velocity [m/s]  3.10  2.93  2.79 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.13  4.10  4.03 
Average force [N]  249  286  364 
Peak force [N]  539  414  527 
Average power [W]  820  881  1049 
Peak power [W]  1661  1625  1736 
5-10m Split  Split time [s]  1.25  1.25  1.23 
Average velocity [m/s]  4.00  4.00  4.05 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.10  4.14  4.58 
Average force [N]  386  373  353 
Peak force [N]  596  585  489 
Average power [W]  1541  1490  1457 
Peak power [W]  2386  2352  2018 
       
Athlete #3 – [VDec @ 4.6 m.s]  15kg + 50% Vdec  20kg + 50% Vdec  27kg 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.71  1.69  1.82 
Average velocity [m/s]  2.93  2.97  2.78 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.61  4.54  4.48 
Average force [N]  269  290  327 
Peak force [N]  416  424  462 
Average power [W]  789  885  962 
Peak power [W]  1707  1776  1899 
5-10m Split  Split time [s]  1.17  1.20  1.21 
Average velocity [m/s]  4.56  4.58  4.53 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.73  4.79  5.08 
Average force [N]  355  330  332 
Peak force [N]  543  498  449 
Average power [W]  1406  1389  1402 
Peak power [W]  2293  2217  2042 
         
Athlete #4 – [Vdec @ 4.1 m.s]  15kg + 50% Vdec  20kg + 50% Vdec  27kg 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.73  1.75  1.80 
Average velocity [m/s]  2.89  2.86  2.78 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.30  4.22  4.12 
Average force [N]  216  277  336 
Peak force [N]  303  398  450 
Average power [W]  642  808  959 
Peak power [W]  1127  1327  1762 
5-10m Split  Split time [s]  1.22  1.23  1.23 
Average velocity [m/s]  4.10  4.07  4.07 
Peak velocity [m/s]  4.16  4.20  4.77 
Average force [N]  325  313  327 
Peak force [N]  448  454  415 
Average power [W]  1331  1274  1347 
Peak power [W]  2141  2064  1948 

Table 2. 10m comparison data from 4 pro rugby athletes. 

There is a fair bit of data involved, so let me help you through the first example: 

  • Athlete #1’s 50% Vdec was set at 4.2 m/s.  
  • In the column headings, you have the three different 10m protocols.  
  • The 15kg/50% Vdec, 20kg/50% Vdec, and the load protocol (which for Athlete #1 was with 24kg).  

The athlete accelerated faster with the 15kg and 20kg load, which is to be expected as there was less resistance on the 1080. Yet when looking at the sprint kinetics, the heavier 24kg load resulted in higher force and power outputs during the initial 5m phase. Remember this for later, as you will see a pattern emerge.  

When comparing the 5-10m split, the time to completion is all the same, as are the average velocities—you can also see that the peak velocity in the first two protocols was limited due to the 50% Vdec speed limit that was applied. Moving on to the average and peak force, they are similar with 100 watts separating the average power between the three. You will then notice a spike in peak power in the two 50% Vdec protocols. This is common when the speed limit kicks in, and the athlete has to work against this velocity limit to maintain their velocity.  

To summarise, in the first 5m split, the protocol using only the load (kg) produces higher force and power outputs compared to the lighter load combined with the 50% speed limit. However, in the final 5m split, the average and peak force, as well as average power outputs, are relatively similar across all protocols. The key distinction is a larger spike in peak power observed in the 50% Vdec protocols. You will see this trend was consistent across the rest of the athletes. 

If time constraints prevent you from completing a full load-velocity profile for your athletes, I recommend setting a resistance of 15kg for lighter athletes and 20kg for heavier athletes, combined with their individual 50% Vdec. This approach offers a practical and time-efficient alternative to train your athletes within the desired velocity zone while achieving an effective training stimulus. 

If time constraints prevent you from completing a full load-velocity profile for your athletes, I recommend setting a resistance of 15kg for lighter athletes and 20kg for heavier athletes, combined with their individual 50% Vdec. Share on X

A final note—I have not yet combined the 50% Vdec protocol with the load that naturally limits an athlete to 50% of their max velocity, but I would take an estimated guess and suggest you would get the best of both worlds. During the early acceleration phase, athletes would create higher levels of force and power due to the heavier load, and then as the speed limit setting kicks in, you will have the increase in peak power production. Whether the overall effect (ala faster acceleration) of a load-only protocol versus a speed limited protocol are similar or different remains to be seen, however. 

Comparison of 15m runs with 5kg and a 30% Vdec

The data shown is of an international level (Tier 1) rugby player and is a comparison of his 2 x 15m accelerations. The 1080 was set with 5kg on the cord, with one of the 15m runs also having a 30% Vdec speed limit set, which in his case was 6.2 m/s. I chose 5kg for this athlete to follow the two principles I mentioned at the start of the article:  

  • I want the athlete to reach the target velocity before the end of the run. 
  • I want minimal disruption to sprint technique when the speed limit kicks in.  

If I could do this exact set-up again, I would have put 3-4kg on the cord so he arrived one to two metres earlier at the desired velocity.  

Below is a summary of the athlete’s splits, with the percentage difference between them. 

Athlete #1 [VDec @ 6.2 m.s]  5kg + 30% VDec  5kg  Difference % 
0-5m Split  Split time [s]  1.38  1.42  2.8 
Average velocity [m/s]  3.64  3.54  2.8 
Peak velocity [m/s]  5.36  5.74  6.8 
Average force [N]  108  108  0 
Peak force [N]  204  205  0.5 
Average power [W]  412  409  0.7 
Peak power [W]  1051  1125  6.8 
5-10m Split  Split time [s]  0.85  0.86  1.2 
Average velocity [m/s]  5.90  5.87  0.5 
Peak velocity [m/s]  6.37  6.97  9 
Average force [N]  103  105  1.9 
Peak force [N]  175  197  11.8 
Average power [W]  623  646  3.6 
Peak power [W]  1051  1247  17.9 
10-15m Split  Split time [s]  0.80  0.77  3.8 
Average velocity [m/s]  6.20  6.50  4.7 
Peak velocity [m/s]  6.29  7.07  11.7 
Average force [N]  185  91  68 
Peak force [N]  291  154  61.6 
Average power [W]  1147  607  61.6 
Peak power [W]  1805  1079  50.3 

 Table 3. Comparison of 15m runs from International-level rugby athlete. 

In the first 10m of the sprint, the differences between the two protocols are minimal, as the athlete is primarily influenced by the 5kg load with the velocity limit yet to take effect. You may notice in the 5-10m split that the peak velocity value in the Vdec protocol is 9% lower, at 6.37 m/s. This tells me that the athlete achieved the desired speed, and the speed limit is starting to kick in.  

Now pay close attention, as the magic is about to happen—in the final 5m the benefits of the Vdec protocol are seen, with force and power outputs increasing by 50-68% to sustain his velocity. Despite his speed being limited, the athlete finishes only 0.03 seconds slower in the Vdec protocol, showing this speed limit protocol’s effectiveness at increasing force and power production while the athlete is still running at higher velocities. The 1080 traces directly below show the athlete speed-limited during the last 5m, in addition to the large spikes seen in their force and power output. 

A line graph illustrates speed (m/s) versus position (m), suggesting the impact of resisted sprints. A purple line begins at 0, waves upward, leveling near 6 m/s. Meanwhile, a blue line shows more fluctuation yet mirrors the trend, peaking at around 6.5 m/s.Graph depicting two sine wave-like plots against position, ideal for analyzing resisted sprints. The x-axis ranges from 0 to 16 meters, while the y-axis displays force in newtons from 0 to 300. One curve is blue, the other pink—the pink curve showing higher peaks.

The graph illustrates two sinusoidal waveforms akin to resisted sprints: a black line with increasing amplitude and a magenta line with higher peaks. The x-axis reads Position [n] while the y-axis is marked as Power [W].
Figure 6. 1080 Sprint traces showing velocity, force, and power, over 15m. The grey trace with 5kg, and the pink trace with 5kg with the 6.2 m/s speed limit applied.
These protocols, performed >15m, are what I refer to as “Transition Phase” protocols. In rugby, my athletes typically reach 70% of their maximum velocity by the 10m mark. This signifies that my athletes are transitioning from the acceleration phase to the max velocity phase. I use these lightly loaded Vdec protocols to target this transition. Yes, I am aware that sprinters experience the transition phase much later in their runs, but for rugby athletes, as a rule of thumb, anything past 10m could be argued as the beginning of their transition phase. 

Conclusion

Using the speed limit setting on the 1080 Sprint has advantages over the load only protocols. By using predetermined velocity decrements, athletes can train within their individual velocity zones, resulting in higher force and power outputs, most notably in the heavier (e.g. 65% Vdec) and lighter (30% Vdec) protocols. This approach also allows coaches to tailor individual sessions to athletes without completing a load velocity profile, which can be time consuming in larger groups. However, the limitation with using the speed limit setting arises when the optimal load (kg) for each athlete is uncertain. An example of this can be seen in 10m protocols where the 15kg and 20kg loads used alongside a Vdec resulted in lower force and power outputs during the early (0-5m) acceleration phase.  

By using predetermined velocity decrements, athletes can train within their individual velocity zones, resulting in higher force and power outputs, says @jonobward. Share on X

For those of you curious about training in different velocity zones, and the impact this has on performance, I published a research paper with the Australian Strength and Conditioning Association (ASCA) on this topic. I had three groups of professional rugby players each completing a different resisted sprint training protocol. You can read the paper here, and the key takeaway was specificity: you improve performance over the distance you train, and using the appropriate sled loads is crucial to achieving the desired adaptations. 

References 

  1. Cross MR, Brughelli M, Samozino P, Brown SR, Morin JB. Optimal Loading for Maximizing Power During Sled-Resisted Sprinting. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Sep;12(8):1069-1077. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0362. Epub 2017 Jan 4. PMID: 28051333.
A woman in a sports arena gives a high-five to a person in athletic wear. The graphic on the right reads Rapid Fire Powered by SimpliFaster, Episode 11, Molly Binetti with an RF logo above.

Rapid Fire – Episode #11 Featuring Molly Binetti

Blog, Podcast| ByJustin Ochoa, ByMolly Binetti

A woman in a sports arena gives a high-five to a person in athletic wear. The graphic on the right reads Rapid Fire Powered by SimpliFaster, Episode 11, Molly Binetti with an RF logo above.

In this episode, 2-time NCAA champion, Molly Binetti of South Carolina WBB, shares her unique approach to athletic development, emphasizing the importance of playful, ground-based movement, individualized programming and balancing technology with simplicity in training. 

She discusses the varying training age levels of athletes and the necessity of tailored methods to enhance both performance and health. Binetti also provides insights into the evolution of women’s basketball and the critical role of foundational training in long-term success.

Key Takeaways

  • The best athletes aren’t just the strongest or fastest—they’re the best movers.
  • Playful, ground-based movements improve engagement and athletic development.
  • Many elite basketball players lack foundational technique due to early specialization.
  • Training must be individualized to meet each athlete’s unique needs.
  • Technology is useful, but great coaching remains the most important factor.
  • Simplicity in training often leads to the best results.
  • Aerobic training plays a key role in recovery and overall fitness.
  • Healthy athletes are the foundation of successful teams.
  • The evolution of women’s basketball requires new, adaptive training strategies.
https://simplifaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Reel1-1.mp4

Rapid Fire Excerpt: The Importance of Movement, Coordination, and Play in Athletic Training

https://simplifaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/reel2.mp4

Rapid Fire Excerpt: Understanding the Nuances of Training Advanced Athletes

Stream the episode on Spotify or iTunes!

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Rapid Fire—Episode #10 Featuring Hunter Eisenhower: “How to use The Force System”

Blog, Podcast| ByJustin Ochoa, ByHunter Eisenhower

Athlete in a black Sun Devil shirt smiles, standing on a basketball court. Next to him is a Rapid Fire Powered by SimpliFaster banner for Episode 10 featuring Hunter Eisenhower. The design includes a stylized RF logo.

In this episode, Hunter Eisenhower, Associate Head Coach of Sports Performance at Arizona State, breaks down his innovative Force System, a training framework built on four key pillars: high force, fast force, slow force, and human force. He explains how this system helps tailor training to each athlete’s unique strengths (superpowers) and weaknesses (kryptonite), ensuring a more individualized approach to performance development.

Hunter dives into the science of jump testing, debunking common myths about force plates and data interpretation. He also challenges the overemphasis on traditional maximal strength training, arguing that for many athletes, managing practice fatigue has a far greater impact on performance.

The episode wraps up with a preview of Hunter’s upcoming mentorship program, where he’ll offer deeper insights into the Force System and its real-world application for coaches and athletes.

Key Takeaways

  • How to use The Force System to customize training based on athletes’ superpower or kryptonite.
  • How to test and interpret jump data using force plates, myths & misconceptions of testing and tracking data.
  • The impactful role of managing practice fatigue and how a performance coach and start to influence these coaching decisions.
  • Is maximal strength training overrated for many athletes?
  • Hunter’s mentorship program will provide in-depth insights into the Force System.


Rapid Fire Excerpt: The impactful role of managing practice fatigue and how a performance coach and start to influence these coaching decisions.


Rapid Fire Excerpt: Maximal strength for the vast majority of athletes is overrated.

Stream the episode on Spotify or iTunes, and make sure to follow Hunter on social media!

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…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF

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Alphabet Soup—Learning the ABCs of S&C Certification

Blog| ByRaymond Tucker

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In August of 2015, the NCAA enacted legislation requiring all Division I full-time strength and conditioning coaches to be certified by an accredited certification body. This legislation has since prompted high school athletic directors to require that high school strength and conditioning coaches also obtain certification from an accredited organization.  

This is significant for coaches, because there are numerous certifications out there that are not from an accredited certification body and it is very important for coaches entering the field to have an understanding of what they will need in order to obtain the positions they are applying for as strength and conditioning coaches. This article will give young S&C coaches—and even older coaches—the information they need to make good decisions when it comes to obtaining valuable certifications.  

Because there are numerous certifications out there that are not from an accredited certification body, it is very important for coaches entering the S&C field to have an understanding of what they will need, says @DrRaymondTucker. Share on X

The two most popular accredited certification bodies for strength and conditioning are the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and the Collegiate Strength and Conditioning Coaches Association (CSCCa). The NSCA offers the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) certification, while the CSCCa provides the Strength and Conditioning Coach Certified (SCCC) certification. The key difference between these two certifications is that obtaining the SCCC requires candidates to complete a 640-hour, hands-on practical internship under the supervision of an SCCC-certified strength and conditioning coach and pass a written exam. In contrast, the CSCS certification can be attained simply by passing the certification exam, without the same requirement for practical experience.  

Certifications & Career Opportunities

Employment opportunities at the high school, collegiate, and professional levels typically require coaches to hold either the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) or the Strength and Conditioning Coach Certified (SCCC) certification before applying. Over the years, many coaches who are experts in strength and conditioning have created and developed the curriculum in these certification courses. These courses are based on those expert coaches’ extensive training, education, contributions to training methodologies that improve athletic performance.  

The CSCS and SCCC certification textbooks and resources will educate you, and the exam will test your ability to apply theory and scientific knowledge to reduce the chance of injury and improve athletic performance. One of the drawbacks of the CSCS and SCCC is that they do not really teach you a system of training that you can implement with your athletes or clients.  

Athletic administrators, however, view the CSCS and the SCCC as the gold standards of strength and conditioning. One of the distinguishing factors between the two is that the CSCS is geared toward any coach or personal trainer who wants to get certified as a strength and conditioning coach. The SCCC, meanwhile, is geared specifically to those individuals seeking a career as a collegiate strength and conditioning coach. Also, the CSCCa is a practical program that gives coaches an opportunity to learn by conducting strength assessments in real time and you will be provided instruction by a certified collegiate coach who is experienced in training elite groups of athletes on a daily basis.  

One of the distinguishing factors between the CSCS & SCCC is that the CSCS is geared toward any coach or personal trainer who wants to get certified as a strength and conditioning coach, says @DrRaymondTucker. Share on X

There are many excellent strength and conditioning certification courses available that provide a clear blueprint and a training system you can use with your athletes after completing the course. One certification that has gained popularity worldwide is the Certified Functional Strength Coach (CFSC) Level 1 and 2, offered by Coach Michael Boyle at MBSC. Another quality certification is the EXOS-XPS Performance Specialist Certification. If a coach wanted to learn more about speed and multidirectional training, Coach Lee Taft has several good certification courses and ALTIS education has several courses such as the foundation course and the short sprint courses. Finally, if a coach wanted to learn more about Olympic weightlifting, the USAW L1 and L2 courses are second to none and the majority of the coaches in the field of strength and conditioning have taken one or both of these courses.  

While several certifications teach you how to incorporate various tools and methods into your strength and conditioning program—such as the Vertimax, kettlebells, TRX, and Dynamax—coaches need to understand that these are merely training tools and methods, not an entire training system.  

As a coach or member of a coaching staff, it’s crucial to determine how these training methods fit into your overall training approach. Unfortunately, many coaches in the industry become certified in these specific methods and end up basing their entire training system around them. Coaches need to remember that these companies aim to educate you on a training method, while also promoting their products. The rest of this article will focus on three of the common questions asked by young coaches entering the field, with an answer that will provide some guidance in helping to make the right decision.      

Question A: “Do I need certifications?”

The answer to the question is yes. Administrators at various levels have required coaches to have either the CSCS or SCCC certification to even be considered for an interview. In some cases, they may even ask candidates to submit a video of them coaching various exercises to evaluate their coaching skills.  

Most coaches who are interested in careers in strength and conditioning prefer the SCCC certification due to the internship requirement, which must be completed under a certified strength and conditioning coach. This internship is an excellent opportunity for any coach, as you will be introduced to a training system. The internship would also connect you to other industry coaches and allow you to network with other professionals. 

Question B: “What other certifications do I need to complete to make myself more marketable?”

As young coaches entering the field of strength and conditioning, many of us have mistakenly pursued one certification after another in hopes that these credentials would enhance our marketability and lead to job opportunities. Some experienced strength and conditioning coaches in the profession, who may not hold numerous certifications, often joke about those who list various credentials after their names, referring to it as “chasing alphabets” or “alphabet soup.”  

There are both pros and cons to obtaining multiple certifications.  

On the positive side, if you’re older or have a busy lifestyle, you might find it challenging to quit your job for an internship, or you may lack the time or resources to travel, meet coaches, or attend conferences. In such cases, enrolling in a certification course can be a valuable experience, offering you access to educational material you can review and continue to learn whenever you need it. On the negative side, they can be quite expensive, and some certifications may overlap with others you have already obtained. Some courses may not meet your educational expectations, and some require an annual renewal fee. 

On the negative side, courses can be quite expensive, and some certifications may overlap with others you have already obtained. Some courses may not meet your educational expectations, and some require an annual renewal fee. Share on X 

Left side: People exercising on a gym mat with text CFSC, Schertz, TX, Level 1 Course, November 23rd 2024. Right side: Group of coaches standing with text NSCA Coaches Conference, January 8-10, 2025, New Orleans, LA & Online, 2.0 CEUs Category A.
Image 1. Conference fliers from past events attended.

Several years ago, there was only one certification in the strength and conditioning profession: the CSCS offered by the NSCA. The purpose of obtaining this certification was to demonstrate that individuals had acquired and understood the scientific knowledge necessary to reduce the risk of injury and improve athletic performance. Since this was the first strength and conditioning certification for coaches, it was considered to be the gold standard for hiring strength and conditioning coaches across various levels, from high school to collegiate and professional sports.  

Over the years, several other certifications in strength and conditioning have emerged, allowing coaches to deepen their knowledge in different areas. Some coaches who have completed these various certification courses often add these credentials to the end of their names as a symbol of accomplishment and dedication to their education, enhancing their skills as coaches. However, we have coaches in the field of strength and conditioning who tease other coaches for going through various certification classes and adding the multiple alphabets at the end of their last name.  

Coaches need to understand that adding the various alphabets to the end of your last name after completing a certification course does not make you a better coach. Applying what you have learned from courses such as the Functional Movement Screen, Certified Functional Strength Coach, Performance Specialist, Certified Speed and Agility and the United States Weightlifting is what ultimately makes you a better coach. I have noticed that you find more coaches in the private sector who have attended several certification courses compared to a coach at the high school, collegiate, or professional level, because most coaches working in these various environments do not have the time to attend these clinics or study at home because of their work schedules.  

Coaches need to understand that adding the various alphabets to the end of your last name after completing a certification course does not make you a better coach. Applying what you have learned does, says @DrRaymondTucker. Share on X

Question C: “Should I be prepared to invest in my education as a coach?”

The answer to this question is also yes. As a strength and conditioning coach, you should take the time to educate yourself and improve. If taking a certification course from one of the leading experts in strength and conditioning will enhance your coaching ability, then you should take the course. Some of these certifications are being taught by experts in strength and conditioning who have traveled the world to learn from other strength and conditioning coaches, and they want to share what they have learned. So, why not pay to learn?    

What makes me qualified to write this article is that as a young coach in the field, I tried to take every course I could because I was trying to learn from some of the best in the profession, and I just wanted to get better. Here are some of the courses I took: 

  • Functional Strength Coach Level 1  
  • Speed Specialist United States Track & Field Cross Country Association Certification  
  • Speed and Agility Coach  
  • Performance Specialist XPS 
  • Certified Functional Movement Screen  
  • Level 1 Sport Performance Certification  
  • Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) 
  • Level 1 Track and Field Coach  

And, yes, I added the various alphabets to the end of my last name, and I was never embarrassed to add them because I invested in my education as a coach. One of the early mistakes I made when taking these certification courses, however, is that I didn’t stop to apply what I learned in my training with my athletes or take the time to practice what I learned.  

One of the early mistakes I made when taking certification courses, however, is that I didn’t stop to apply what I learned in my training with my athletes or take the time to practice what I learned, says @DrRaymondTucker. Share on X

Over the years, I have now found myself going back through these courses and applying what I have learned with the athletes I work with. For example, one of the certification courses that I have gone back through a number of times is Michael Boyle’s Functional Strength, rereading the books and watching the videos over again. The certification is very practical and provides a simple process of getting good at the basics. I have used this training system with middle school, high school, and collegiate athletes as well as general population clients, and I have seen the improved results in movement, strength, power, and speed. Not only do the athletes enjoy the training, I also use this system in my own training and I have enjoyed the benefits of what I learned in this course.  

My recommendation to any coach is to invest in your education by reading books, attending conferences, and taking certification courses. However, it’s essential to take the time to practice and apply what you have learned. If you complete and pass a certification course, be proud of your accomplishment and consider adding the letters indicating your certification to your last name: you’ve worked hard and invested your time in these courses, so celebrate your achievements. Don’t worry about other coaches who make dismissive comments about you for having several letters after your name. Throughout my coaching career, I’ve attended many conferences, and you would be surprised at the number of coaches who have multiple certifications and proudly display their “alphabet soup” after their names. You are responsible for your own learning as a coach, and do not let another coach discourage you from being your best—because, your athletes deserve your best.  

A woman in athletic wear crouches in a sprinters starting position, poised and ready to move forward. The black and white image highlights her focused expression and muscular definition, a reminder of the injury risks athletes face while pushing their limits.

Bridging the Gap Between Awareness and Action in Youth Injury Prevention with Demotu 3D Analysis

Blog| ByCasey Baker

A woman in athletic wear crouches in a sprinters starting position, poised and ready to move forward. The black and white image highlights her focused expression and muscular definition, a reminder of the injury risks athletes face while pushing their limits.

Change your perspective, and you will change your perception. 

Whoever coined that phrase truly grasped the transformative power of a mindset shift. My own journey of transformation unfolded when I recognized a pervasive issue in my coaching approach. As a traditional coach focusing on skills, fundamentals, and personal baseball lessons for youth and little league players, I observed that many athletes aspired to reach elite levels but lacked the foundational attributes essential for high performance. Critical components like strength, movement skills, posture, mobility, body control, timing, sequencing, and rhythm were missing elements that should have been cultivated from a much earlier age. 

I realized that by continuing to offer lessons that provided momentary success, I was inadvertently contributing to a false sense of accomplishment. It became clear that fundamental change was needed, not just in terms of coaching methods, but in my entire approach to athlete development. Driven by this insight, I shifted my perspective and transitioned from being a traditional coach to embracing a more holistic role. 

As the Director of Sports Programming at Redline Siouxland, I now lead with innovation and an unwavering commitment to continuous improvement. My focus is on creating comprehensive programs that develop better athletes from the ground up. By integrating advanced training methodologies and emphasizing early development of essential physical attributes, I aim to bridge the gap between aspiration and ability. 

This shift in perspective has reshaped my understanding of effective coaching. It has ignited my passion to inspire athletes to see their worth beyond just success, and to strive for the best version of themselves.  

At Redline Siouxland, most of our athletes are everyday middle school students participating in school and local travel programs. These young athletes work to improve their skills, but are not yet setting goals beyond high school. Typically, they are coached by volunteer or appointed parents who—despite their best efforts and commitment—often have limited time, resources, and formal education in sports training. Consequently, their 90-minute practices frequently lack structured strength and conditioning programs, proper warm-up routines, and injury prevention exercises crucial for promoting overall athlete well-being and performance. 

Research shows that consistent participation & health are more critical than having a highly skilled athlete who is frequently absent due to injuries. Without the ability to consistently participate, all other skills become… Share on X 

My mission is to develop an environment where athletes embrace who they are while rising to the challenge of realizing their goals and pursuing their best selves, both personally and athletically. Over the years, my approach has evolved significantly. I’ve come to believe that the most vital attribute for an athlete is not physical ability, but avail-ability. Research shows that consistent participation and health are more critical than having a highly skilled athlete who is frequently absent due to injuries.1 Without the ability to consistently participate and perform, all other skills become secondary. Embracing this mindset has created a perpetual cycle of growth, constantly challenging and redefining my approach to coaching.

Identifying the Problem: The Impact of Optimism Bias 

By centering my efforts on enhancing athlete availability, I began to identify the key factors contributing to athletes’ lack of participation. No surprise—injuries were the primary cause of athlete unavailability. However, what truly astonished me was the apparent indifference exhibited by parents and coaches when confronted with this critical issue. 

This realization led me to explore the concept of optimism bias, which I discovered was contributing to an increase in athletic injuries—even amid heightened awareness.2 Optimism bias is the tendency to believe that we are less likely to experience negative events compared to others. In the context of sports, this bias is particularly vexing because team sports often involve an element of bravery and invincibility. Athletes and parents are lulled into a false sense of security when reckless play at an early age does not result in serious injury. 

In the context of sports, optimism bias is particularly vexing because team sports often involve an element of bravery and invincibility. Share on X 

Furthermore, the practice of prioritizing intensity over fundamentals becomes increasingly risky during adolescence, as that stage of development brings about drastic variances in size and strength among athletes. This mismatch can lead to heightened injury risks that are often underestimated due to optimism bias. 

Conversely, many coaches encounter athletes who fall behind physically during maturation. These athletes tend to shift into a “protect” mode, becoming more aware of risks and consciously avoiding situations that could cause harm. While this cautious approach reduces their likelihood of injury, it also limits their effectiveness and confidence in performance. 

Understanding these dynamics, I recognized a need to address the impact of optimism bias on athletic injuries. To better support all athletes, I had to adapt my coaching methods—both for those who are overly optimistic about their invulnerability and those who are exceedingly cautious. 

Locating the Awareness-Action Gap: A Missed Opportunity

Optimism bias wasn’t just a distant theory, it stared me in the face when I witnessed the effects firsthand with one of my athletes. 

During a routine warm-up at Redline Siouxland, I observed a significant difference in the ability of a 15-year-old girl (who we’ll call Snips) to execute single-leg, lateral bounds. A dedicated and ambitious sprinter, she’d set a goal of winning the 100 meters at the state track meet this spring and was also an extremely talented hockey player. In Redline classes, Snips executed drills exceptionally well on a day-to-day basis, showing little to no consequences of any physical imbalances. Intrigued by the vast difference in her performance between double-leg activities and single-leg exercises, I approached her. 

“Have you ever noticed a difference between your left and right side?” I asked. 

“It’s always been that way,” she replied. 

“Are you experiencing any soreness, or does anything feel a little off today?” 

“Nope, I feel good,” she said. 

Her responses were casual, but the disparities I observed were anything but. Concerned, I decided to explore further. I had Snips perform single-leg bench squats on a slightly unstable surface. She completed an easy set of 10 reps on her left leg, but struggled to complete even one balanced rep on her right leg. The severe knee valgus and ankle supination on her right side were alarming, signaling a high risk for injuries like ACL tears. 

We tried one more exercise: single-leg Romanian deadlifts with no weight. Again, Snips easily performed 10 reps with her left leg, but produced zero quality reps with her right. 

The fact that Snips excelled in track and hockey without apparent issues perhaps contributed to an underlying optimism bias. Her elite athleticism masked the imbalances that posed significant injury risks in other activities. Here was my opportunity to address the injury risk caused by the clear imbalance in mobility and strength between her hips and legs. I seized the moment to inform her about her risks, bolstering my points with statistics and emphasizing the critical importance of muscle balance. I passionately explained how addressing this imbalance could not only prevent injuries but also enhance her overall performance across all sports. 

“Okay, thanks coach,” she said. And then she left. 

The indifference of her response and the subsequent silence from her parents left me both puzzled and frustrated. Determined to take further action, I emailed her parents with detailed explanations, research, and statistics on the injuries their daughter was at risk for, yet received no response. Figuring my email may not have been received, I then called and left a voice message, encouraging them to reach out with any questions after reading my email. Despite my best efforts to raise awareness, I was unable to generate any meaningful action. 

This experience unveiled the stark reality of the awareness-action gap caused by optimism bias. Despite increased awareness of injury prevention, the disconnect between understanding the risks and taking concrete action remained evident. 

This wasn’t just a professional insight; it was a personal awakening that made me feel naïve and lacking. I had to improve. 

Understanding the Awareness-Action Gap

Reflecting on my experience with Snips, I realized her situation wasn’t unique. To fully grasp why my efforts weren’t yielding the desired results, I needed to understand the underlying factors contributing to this disconnect. 

The Growing Awareness of Injury Prevention

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in injury prevention programs and initiatives, such as the Healthy People 2030 initiative, which aims to prevent both intentional and unintentional injuries, including those in youth sports. Despite these efforts, the number of youth athletes being injured is at an all-time high.  

According to the National Safety Council, sports and recreational injuries increased by 2% in 2023, following a 20% increase in 2021 and a 12% increase in 2022. In 2023, 3.7 million people were treated in emergency departments for injuries involving sports and recreational equipment, an alarming figure that highlights the extent of the issue. 

Why Does the Awareness-Action Gap Exist?

Despite the growing awareness and extensive research, science is unlikely to uncover a 100% foolproof way of preventing injuries. The sheer volume of information on injury prevention available online can be overwhelming, leading to decision paralysis, where athletes and parents are unsure where to start or which direction to take.  

The sheer volume of information on injury prevention available online can be overwhelming, leading to decision paralysis, where athletes and parents are unsure where to start or which direction to take. Share on X 

Coaches and athletes often fall prey to a lack of personalization and cognitive biases, such as optimism bias, which leads them to underestimate the likelihood of injuries. Additionally, generic information and one-size-fits-all approaches can fail to address the specific needs and circumstances of individual athletes, resulting in inaction. 

Ways Coaches Contribute to the Awareness-Action Gap

Reflecting on my own practices, I recognized that coaches—myself included—might inadvertently contribute to this gap by: 

  • Overwhelming with Information—Providing too much information at once can lead to decision paralysis. I realized that by inundating athletes and parents with an overload of details, I might have been adding to their confusion rather than alleviating it. 
  • Lack of Credibility—If coaches do not establish credibility or fail to provide evidence-based recommendations, athletes and parents may not trust the information and thus may not take action. I questioned whether I was effectively communicating my expertise and the validity of my advice. 
  • Generalized Advice—Offering generalized advice that does not consider the unique needs and circumstances of individual athletes can result in inaction. I acknowledged the need to tailor my approach to each athlete’s specific situation. 

Continuing Challenges

Despite my newfound understanding of the awareness-action gap and the factors contributing to it, I found myself without a clear path forward. Even with a deep comprehension of the problem, I lacked direction on how to effectively bridge this gap and implement strategies that would lead to tangible action and improved outcomes for my athletes.  

A Timely Partnership

During Redline Athletics’ next bi-weekly education call, our leaders announced a new partnership with Demotu’s 3D performance app.  We had 90 days to “give it a try” and assess its value. The timing could not have been more perfect given my current challenges with injury prevention. Within minutes of learning about Demotu, I knew I had discovered the very tool that could illuminate my path forward and transform my approach to coaching. 

Eager to put Demotu to the test, I checked my Redline class schedule to see if Snips signed up for any of the week’s remaining classes. She was scheduled for the very next day, and within 15 minutes of her class starting, I had completed all six functional assessments with her using the Demotu app.   

Within minutes of learning about Demotu, I knew I had discovered the very tool that could illuminate my path forward and transform my approach to coaching. Share on X 

Instant results brought a tangible realism to what I had previously discussed, immediately capturing Snips’ interest. The 0 to 100 scoring system and the diagrams illustrating hip and shoulder alignment provided her with a clear understanding of her imbalances. As she scanned the results (Figure 1), her eyes widened.  

“Wow, I didn’t realize it was that off,” she murmured. Her body language changed as her feeling of invincibility dissipated. 

Screenshot of a health app showing exercise balance results. Left panel displays a digital human silhouette and rating score of 56. Middle shows graphs for hip, shoulder, and knee movement. Right panel shows compensations score of 73 with indicators.

Digital interface showing a single leg balance analysis with scores and graphs. A diagram of a human skeleton is on the left. Graphs indicate hip, shoulder, and knee movement. A compensation score is displayed on the right. Browser tabs are visible above.
Figure 1. The left leg has a score of 90 and shows no compensation measured, while the right leg has a score of 73, indicating excessive hip imbalance.

Demotu accomplished in minutes what I’d been striving to convey for weeks. The app translated complex data into intuitive visuals that sparked immediate understanding. Seeing Snips’ transformation, I realized this tool could revolutionize not just individual assessments but the way we approach athlete development as a whole. 

Immediate Action for My Athlete

Building on the initial assessments with Demotu, we effectively utilized the app to showcase and pinpoint Snips’ injury risks. Demotu’s PDF summary option provided a straightforward, point-and-click way for me to send her assessment summary to her parents.  

To my delight, this feature sparked their interest and initiated meaningful conversations about her well-being. I showed them the app and after a quick tour of its features, they both felt confident in their ability to put it to use. The app graphs previous data alongside new assessments, allowing them to visualize changes over time in both movement scores and mechanical metrics, turning risk from hypothetical to quantifiable.   

With her parents’ involvement, I created and assigned a tailored workout plan for Snips. This included the Hip Flexor Stretch, Single-Leg Romanian Deadlifts, Side-Lying Reverse Clamshells (targeting glute stability), and Copenhagen Planks with knee bent, specifically addressing her hip imbalance and compensations. Demotu’s versatility and portability allow Snips to supplement her exercises alongside her in-season hockey program. Demotu’s transparency allows all her coaches to view her plan and track her progress, fostering a cohesive approach to her training. 

Snips was particularly impressed by how the app increased her awareness of her body and mechanics. She mentioned feeling more conscious of her form and found herself implementing new habits and checking her posture throughout the day. Her parents have also started recognizing her day-to-day actions that contribute to her imbalances—like sitting with one leg tucked for long car rides, for example—and they can prompt her to make adjustments based on Demotu’s alerts. Who would have thought that a single app could foster such a cohesive support system for an athlete? 

Snips’ Progress

Nearly 60 days have passed, and I must say, the most significant improvement I’ve observed in Snips is the near complete elimination of her kinesthetic dysmetria. While she has always been able to follow coaching cues, her self-correction is now evident, accurate, and deliberate. We plan to reassess her functional movements after the hockey season and adjust for pre-season track. I’m eager to see the results. 

Demotu’s Continuing Impact on Redline Siouxland

Introducing Demotu 3D Analysis into our training at Redline Siouxland has been nothing short of transformative. What began as a solution for a single athlete has evolved into a cornerstone of our coaching methodology, reshaping how we approach injury prevention and athlete development. 

Effortless Adoption and Time-Saving Assessments

Implementing Demotu has been remarkably smooth. With no setup required, a single assessment can be completed in as little as two minutes. Coaches can opt to perform all six movement evaluations and fifteen joint comparison tests, completing them in about twenty minutes. This rapid process allows us to provide comprehensive evaluations without sacrificing valuable training time. 

With Demotu, coaches can opt to perform all six movement evaluations and fifteen joint comparison tests, completing them in about twenty minutes. Share on X 

Using your device’s camera, position the athlete about ten feet away and the Demotu app will accurately locate key joints and limbs. Simply hit the record button, which initiates the assessment, and the video stops automatically when the required movement is completed.  

A person in a gym kneeling on a mat with arms raised overhead, positioned in front of a smartphone displaying fitness tracking markers on their joints. The gym has equipment like weights and exercise machines in the background.
Figure 2.  The streamlined process for using Demotu with your device makes assessments both accurate and precise.

The ease of Demotu’s operation allows our coaches to decide how and when to use the program. Assessments can be conducted spontaneously during sessions without disrupting class flow or needing to schedule separate appointments. This capability ensures we can fully assess every member, embedding injury prevention into the very fabric of our programs. 

Cultivating a Culture of Awareness

The impact of Demotu extends beyond individual assessments—it has cultivated a culture of awareness and attentiveness throughout Redline Siouxland. Athletes are becoming more conscious of their movements and form, while coaches are continuously engaged in monitoring and supporting their progress. Parents appreciate the transparency and involvement, strengthening trust in our programs. 

All coaches at Redline Siouxland have access to the Demotu platform, facilitating teamwork and coordination. Sharing data and insights has never been easier, allowing coaches to adjust training plans in real time and ensure consistency in our methods. This unified approach not only enhances the quality of coaching, but also contributes to our collective commitment to continuous improvement. 

A Personalized Approach & Vision for Widespread Impact

At Redline Siouxland, we pride ourselves on avoiding a cookie-cutter mentality. With Demotu, we can now tailor every aspect of our training. The app offers individualized recommendations based on each athlete’s unique movement profile, guiding targeted interventions to correct issues before they lead to injury. This individualized attention ensures that each athlete receives the specific support they need to excel. 

The Demotu app offers individualized recommendations based on each athlete’s unique movement profile, guiding targeted interventions to correct issues before they lead to injury. Share on X 

At its highest potential, Demotu could exist in every school or doctor’s office, providing teachers, healthcare providers, and educators with the information and direction needed to help not only athletes but all children address potential injury risks head-on. By making such advanced tools accessible, we can foster a generation that values health, well-being, and proactive prevention. 

Overcoming Uncertainty and Embracing Progress

At a time when I felt surrounded by youth athletic injuries and powerless to make a difference, my heart urged me to do more, but my head was overwhelmed with information. This left me stuck paralyzed by uncertainty and doubt. Then, the Demotu 3D app became available, providing me with the guidance and inspiration I needed to confidently act.  

As the saying goes, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” Demotu helped me—and by extension, my athletes—take that crucial first step. 

References

  1. Healthy People 2030. “Building a Healthier Future for All.”
  2. Weinstein. “Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems.”
Person doing a squat with a barbell in front of a mirror at a gym. They are wearing a gray shirt and black shorts. The focus is on their form as they look determinedly into the mirror.

Strength & Conditioning for Non-Strength Coaches

Blog| ByDavid Neill

Person doing a squat with a barbell in front of a mirror at a gym. They are wearing a gray shirt and black shorts. The focus is on their form as they look determinedly into the mirror.

Have you been scrolling social media and trying to learn the basics of running a training program? Social media is full of strength and conditioning coaches trying to show off new and complicated training methods, arguing over the nuances of Nordic hamstring curls, or bashing non-strength coaches for flaws in their programming.  

If you’re a sport coach trying to run a weight room or a young S&C coach just getting into the field, none of this is helpful. You need the basic principles of S&C laid out so you can run your training program safely and effectively. In this series of articles, my goal is to do just that: communicate the basics clearly and concisely.  

  • Showing how to run an effective training program that can be tailored to your situation.  
  • Laying out critical mistakes to avoid so your athletes don’t get injured.  
  • Painting a clear picture of how to approach strength & conditioning if you’re not an expert. 

I am closing in on my 15th year as a strength coach. In that time, I have worked with athletes of all levels: Olympians, NFL players, 5-star collegiate athletes, middle school, high school, and elementary school. I’ve coached with all the resources that the University of Texas had to offer and I’ve had to fundraise to pay for enough barbells and plates to make a high school weight room functional. That experience has given me a full picture of the field of S&C and helped shape some foundational principles that will safely build athleticism at any level.  

In the first article in this series on the foundations of S&C, we will be taking the view from 10,000 feet. In the next three articles, we will dig more into the specific details on programming, exercises, and conditioning—however, I believe it’s best to understand the whole picture before diving into the deep end. 

Adaptations Are the Goal

When broken down to its most basic function, strength & conditioning is the art of creating adaptations within the human body. We apply a stimulus (lifting, running, jumping, etc.) and that stimulus applies stress. When the body encounters enough stress and is given adequate time to recover, it adapts to that stress and changes. 

Apply heavy loads in the weight room and the body will build bigger, stronger muscles. Apply cardiovascular stress through conditioning and the lungs, heart, and tissues will adapt to allow better endurance. Apply neural stress through challenging movement drills and the brain will adapt new movement patterns.  

Three images: 1) Group of young men in a gym preparing for weightlifting. 2) A person lifting weights with a coachs assistance. 3) An athlete performing a sprint start on a football field.
Image 1. Providing a purposeful stress to create a desired adaptation.

Coaches need to understand this fundamental framework when designing a training program. Everything we do is designed to cause adaptations within the athlete—we are stress appliers. Apply too little and athletes don’t see change. Apply too much and athletes get injured. Apply the right amount and they are transformed.  

Everything we do is designed to cause adaptations within the athlete—we are stress appliers. Apply too little and athletes don’t see change. Apply too much and athletes get injured. Apply the right amount and they are transformed. Share on X 

This is where it’s important for me to mention the SAID principle (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands). This law states that the human body will adapt very specifically to whatever stress you put on it. Athletes who only perform long, slow conditioning runs will get really good at running slow for a long time. But they won’t get fast. Athletes who only ever lift 10-15 reps will get really good at muscular endurance. But they won’t get very strong.  

Movement Patterns vs. Muscles

The first major pitfall non-strength coaches make is taking a bodybuilder’s mindset into an athlete’s weight room. Bodybuilding is highly effective at one thing: building muscle. When working with athletes, however, our goals are much broader. Sure, we want to build muscle. But we also want to build strength and power. And prevent injury. And build endurance. And train speed. Bodybuilding isn’t designed to touch any of those other qualities.  

So, when choosing exercises for your program, you can’t use a bodybuilding lens. To be clear: this means you can’t design your program based on having chest day, leg day, back day, and arm day.  

Instead, your lens should be one that focuses on movement patterns. Sprinting, cutting, jumping, and contact can all be broken down into common human movement patterns. If we strengthen these patterns in the weight room, the results will be positive on the field of play. There are 4 major pattern categories we start with when programing: 

  1. Lower Body Push (Squat/Lunge) 
  2. Lower Body Pull (Deadlift/RDL/Cleans) 
  3. Upper Body Push (Bench/Incline/Overhead press) 
  4. Upper Body Pull (Rows/Pull-up) 

Your lens should be one that focuses on movement patterns. Sprinting, cutting, jumping, and contact can all be broken down into common human movement patterns, says @DNeill62. Share on X 

In addition, some coaches will add Rotation as a pattern and give Olympic variations their own category. But, for simplicity, you should choose 3-4 compound exercises* in each pattern. Make these exercises the meat and potatoes of your program. The goal is to progressively overload each exercise to build strength and power over the course of a training cycle.  

Planning a fairly-even balance between categories is also important. Too much pushing and not enough pulling can create imbalances in the shoulder that put athletes at risk for injury. Too much squatting and not enough posterior chain work limits overall lower body strength gains. You get the idea. 

*Compound exercises are multi joint movements that use multiple muscle groups to accomplish general strength tasks. Think squat, bench, lunge, cleans vs biceps curls or leg extensions. 

Lower Body Push Exercises Lower Body Pull Exercises
  • Back Squat
  • Front Squat
  • Bulgarian Split Squat
  • Step Up
  • Lunges
  • Leg Press
  • Deadlift
  • Hex Deadlift
  • RDL
  • Power Clean/Hang Clean
  • Single Leg RDL
  • GHR Back Extensions
Upper Body Push Exercises Upper Body Pull Exercises
  • Bench Press
  • Incline
  • Overhead Press/Z Press
  • DB Bench/Incline/Overhead
  • Weighted Pushups
  • Machine Presses
  • Bent Over Row
  • Pull Ups
  • Chest Supported Row
  • DB Row
  • Inverted Row
  • Pulldowns/Machines

Table 1. Common, staple exercises coaches use for each category. 

Don’t Make These Mistakes

We will dig into the details of programming in later articles, giving you tools to make competent decisions as you design your training plan. From the start, however, I want to identify the most common mistakes I see uninformed coaches make in their programs, as the following half-dozen mistakes will hurt your athletes. 

1. Too Much, Too Fast

Want to get fired…and face multiple lawsuits on top of that? Give a bunch of kids Rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdo occurs when an athlete trains too intensely, too soon after a significant break. The muscles of the body accumulate more damage than the body can repair, flooding the blood stream with proteins and overwhelming the kidneys.  

The muscle tissue swells up, CK* counts shoot through the roof, and the athlete will be hospitalized. In extreme cases, the athlete can die. Two weeks of acclimation training can prevent this. Spend the first two weeks of training with lowered volume and less running so that athletes’ bodies can adapt. No bootcamps, no hell weeks, no “setting the tone” workouts during this period. This also saves the more intense training stimulus for later in the program when it is needed for progression.  

Spend the first two weeks of training with lowered volume and less running so that athletes’ bodies can adapt. No bootcamps, no hell weeks, no ‘setting the tone’ workouts during this period, says @DNeill62. Share on X  

A couple of things to remember: the smaller muscles of the upper body—especially forearms and biceps—are the most susceptible to the damage that can lead to rhabdo. Keep the curl competitions out of the program in the first two weeks. Athletes who are previously well trained are also more susceptible. They have the mental and physical capability of training extremely hard, but their bodies can’t keep up until they acclimate.   

After extended breaks, I like to implement a two-week block focused on rebuilding movement patterns with lighter loads. We will use tempo goblet squat, pushups, assisted rows, and RDLs. This prepares our patterns for the heavier lifting to come and prevents detrained athletes from overdoing it during this precarious period. 

*Note: CK is short for Creatine Kinase, an enzyme found in skeletal & heart muscle. When levels are dangerously elevated from excessive muscle damage, kidney damage/failure can occur and even death in extreme cases. 

2. All Conditioning, Zero Speed 

The Old School approach is “we will get our guys in better shape than anyone else, at any cost.” As mentioned earlier, the problem is that when all you do is run long and slow…you get really good at running slow. There are, no doubt, benefits to building aerobic capacity and developing the energy systems athletes will use in sport. But to play fast, you have to train fast. A significant portion of your field training should be focused on acceleration, max velocity, sport specific agility, and timed sprint testing. If all of your outside work is 100s and gassers, you’re going to have a slow team.  

To play fast, you have to train fast. A significant portion of your field training should be focused on acceleration, max velocity, sport specific agility, and timed sprint testing, says @DNeill62. Share on X 

3. Impossible Percentages

Occasionally you will see a Twitter post with a whiteboard workout that goes something like this:   

5×10 Back Squat @90% 

5×10 Bench Press @90% 

5×10 Deadlift @90% 

Etc… 

Not only is this a great way to get kids hurt, it’s also physically impossible. Years of research has shown that there are upper limits to what percentages an athlete can perform at given rep ranges. According to the NSCA,1 the absolute limits are: 

1 Rep 100% 

2 Reps 95% 

3 Reps 93% 

4 Reps 90% 

5 Reps 87% 

6 Reps 85% 

7 Reps 83% 

8 Reps 80% 

9 Reps 77% 

10 Reps 75% 

Understand—these are the MAX repetitions at given percentages. This is all-out, empty-the-tank effort. This is the ceiling. Very rarely should you program these percentages at these rep ranges. Never program over these ranges, because it’s physically impossible. In general, you should be programming significantly lower than these for general working sets (in a later article, I will go into detail about how to program percentages).   

4. Heavy Weight, Poor Technique

The goal of the weight room is to get stronger. But focus too much on weight at the expense of technique and you actually limit progress long term. And, get kids hurt. The only reps that should count are reps that are done with excellent technique. Develop technical standards that all of your coaches and athletes understand, then strictly adhere to them.  

 

A person is performing a barbell squat in a gym, facing a squat rack. They are wearing a white T-shirt, black shorts, and white socks. Various gym equipment and weight plates are visible in the background.
Image 2. D1 commit demonstrates our squat expectations: neutral spine/head, hips below parallel, and knees tracking over toes.

If you sacrifice technique on a lift in order to load more weight, the athlete is strengthening a poor movement pattern. Poor movement patterns are inferior to good movement patterns at building strength because they move the stress away from the target muscle groups. In the end, your athletes will hit walls that they can’t overcome without a significant regression to fix their technique. 

Poor movement patterns are inferior to good movement patterns at building strength because they move the stress away from the target muscle groups, says @DNeill62. Share on X 

5. Teaching Olympic Lifts with No Olympic Lifting Background

To Olympic lift, or not to Olympic lift? This seems to be a never-ending controversy in strength & conditioning. While I won’t comment on the benefits and drawbacks of the Olympics lifts, I will say that only coaches who know how to properly teach and perform them need to include them in their program.  

Olympic lifts are among the most technically difficult movements you can perform in the weight room and require a trained eye to coach. Including them when you aren’t familiar is a recipe for disaster. 

6. Exercise Order

A poor understanding of exercise order can ruin training effects. In general, you should start your training with the most technical lifts (like cleans) and finish with the most physically exhausting lifts. This is because fatigue from one exercise can decrease performance in another. So, if you have a heavy squat session before bench press, bench performance will suffer. However, since bench press isn’t as taxing on the whole body as the squat, heavy bench before squatting is unlikely to affect performance. Technical ability and focus both decrease through fatigue, so you shouldn’t program Olympics and other technical exercises late in a session.   

Keep in mind how much soreness and CNS fatigue a session will create when planning your splits. If you lift heavy legs and do conditioning on Monday, you will risk poor output and injury with sprints on Tuesday, says @DNeill62. Share on X 

Conditioning before lifting will also decrease your output, so save it until last when possible. If you run gassers before sprint work, then you won’t truly get high-output sprints. Also, keep in mind how much soreness and CNS fatigue a session will create when planning your splits. If you lift heavy legs and do conditioning on Monday, you will risk poor output and injury with sprints on Tuesday.  

Fail to Plan, Plan to Fail 

Having solid plan for your training cycle is of the utmost important if you are going to see the results you’re looking for with your athletes. We will do a much deeper dive into these areas in later articles, but here is a quick overview of a few key decisions a coach needs to make before a training cycle begins. 

Training Splits

How many days are you going to train? What adaptations are you trying to achieve on each day? How can we avoid one day of training interfering with the next?  

These are important questions when deciding on splits. Training splits answer these questions and determine how the weekly training plan looks. Common training splits are:  

  • Upper/Lower 
  • Tier System 
  • Conjugate Method 
  • Push/Pull 
  • High/Low training 

I would avoid trying to program bodybuilding-style, body-part splits with athletes.  

Image showing a table titled Common Training Splits with five workout plans: Upper/Lower, Tier System, Push/Pull, High/Low, and Conjugate Method, each with a brief description of their routine and alternating days focus.
Figure 1. Common training splits.

Periodization

In S&C, we operate in small 2-4 week blocks, or microcycles. These cycles allow us to focus on a specific quality as a priority for a period of time before changing up sets, reps, and volume with a new cycle and then chasing a different adaptation.  

Often, these are blocked together in an order where one cycle supports the next. For instance, traditional periodization started with a hypertrophy phase to build muscle, then followed with a strength phase to make the new muscle stronger, then finished with a power phase to take that strength and make it explosive. Common periodization models are traditional linear, block periodization, and wave periodization. 

Annual football training plan for 2019-20, featuring weeks with varying emphasis on speed, strength, and conditioning. It includes color-coded sections for winter, spring, summer, and in-season training, with details on practices, rest, and intensity levels.

Speed, Agility & Conditioning

You want to plan your speed, agility, and conditioning work to progress over time to promote continued adaptation. This might mean increasing conditioning volume, agility complexity, or sprint intensity as a cycle progresses. Always remember to have a goal you are trying to build to at the end of a cycle that supports what you are doing on the field. If you work with baseball players, it doesn’t make sense to build them up to 2–3 mile runs when those efforts look nothing like the energy system demands of the sport.  

Preparing to Zoom in

Strength & conditioning is an amazing field; it can, however, have an overwhelming amount of information available on how to develop better athletes. But it doesn’t have to be complicated. A simple, well-designed program that is coached at a high level will transform your athletes.  

You don’t need to be an expert to understand the foundational principles of this field, and following best practices will improve your teams while keeping them healthy. As we go through this series, my aim is to provide you with easy-to-understand, foundational concepts so that you can be your best and avoid the pitfalls that so many coaches fall into.  

References

  1. NSCA Training Load Chart.
A shirtless man runs on an empty road at sunset. The sunlight creates a warm glow, highlighting his silhouette. He wears shorts and running shoes, with his back to the camera and arms slightly bent. The scene conveys movement and determination.

Rediscover Wave Loading: Program Design for Speed and Power

Blog| ByKim Goss

A shirtless man runs on an empty road at sunset. The sunlight creates a warm glow, highlighting his silhouette. He wears shorts and running shoes, with his back to the camera and arms slightly bent. The scene conveys movement and determination.

Although strength coaches rarely use wave loading, the method has a proven track record for developing the fastest, most powerful muscle fibers. I was first introduced to wave loading 50 years ago through an article about Bulgarian weightlifter Andon Nikolov in Muscle Builder/Power magazine—Nikolov won gold at the 1972 Olympics and later broke four world records. More about Nikolov later, but let’s start my sales pitch by reviewing how muscles function.  

Motor units tell muscles to contract. There are low-threshold and high-threshold motor units, with the high-threshold motor units controlling the fastest, most powerful muscle fibers. The catch is that higher threshold motor units are recruited only when the central nervous system determines that greater muscle force is necessary.  

Citing neurological development, Russian sprint coach Ben Tabachnik (PhD) says the best ages for increasing stride frequency are generally between 8 and 13. This restriction suggests that more mature sprinters typically experience greater performance improvements due to variables such as improved stride length. This idea is evident when comparing the difference in stride length between Usain Bolt’s 100m world records in 2008 and 2009. 

In 2008, Bolt ran 9.69 to shatter the world record, and the following year he improved to 9.58. One difference was that Bolt covered the distance in 41.4 steps in 2008, compared to 40.92 steps in 2009. (For reference, in 1991, Carl Lewis set a world record of 9.86, finishing the race in 43 steps.) OK, so what does this have to do with pumping iron?  

Stride length is strongly influenced by how much force the athlete applies to the ground (as I assume Bolt’s leg bones didn’t get longer between 2008 and 2009). In a study involving 33 sprinters published in the Journal of Applied Physiology, researchers concluded that “…runners reach faster top speeds not by repositioning their limbs more rapidly in the air, but by applying greater support forces to the ground.” This effect is illustrated in Image 1 below, where the power this athlete generated by hip, knee, and ankle extension elevated her above the ground, increasing the distance she covered with each step. This brings us to the concept of “mass-specific force.” 

Barry Ross is the author of the track and field classic Underground Secrets to Faster Running and worked with Allyson Felix. Ross discussed the importance of mass-specific force in sprinting. “It isn’t merely the amount of force applied to the ground that increases stride length; it’s the amount of force in relation to bodyweight.” For this reason, Ross believed that increased strength developed by lifting weights could translate into faster sprinting times if those gains are not associated with a significant increase in bodyweight. Let me expand on this point. 

Many sprint coaches don’t see the strength developed in the weightroom transfer to the track because they use (often unintentionally) bodybuilding protocols. Bodybuilding protocols encourage the development of substances that increase size and weight but do not (for lack of a better word) amplify muscle power. This “sarcoplasmic hypertrophy” is one reason bodybuilders, although strong, are often not as strong as they appear.  

Many sprint coaches don’t see the strength developed in the weightroom transfer to the track because they use (often unintentionally) bodybuilding protocols that increase size and weight but do not ‘amplify’ muscle power. Share on X

To improve mass-specific force, sprinters must focus on developing just the muscle fibers, a process known as “myofibrillar hypertrophy.” Ross noted that when Felix improved her deadlift from 125 to 300 pounds, she only increased her bodyweight by two pounds. Ross believes this led to her improving her 200m sprint time from 22.83 to 22.11 (22.30 adjusted for altitude). 

The takeaway is that if running faster or jumping higher is a priority, you must find ways to get stronger without getting bigger. Wave loading is a way to do just that. 

A person in athletic wear sprints across a grassy sports field on a sunny day. The runner is in a high-motion pose, with one arm forward and the other back. A black fence and trees are in the background under a clear blue sky.
Image 1. Stride length is influenced by how much force can be applied into the ground quickly, which involves the activation of high-threshold motor units. Shown is Maddie Frey, a sprinter from Brown University who broke the 32-year-old school record in the 200m. (Karim Ghonem photo)

The Switch to Fast Twitch

Wave loading is a variation of contrast training, scientifically referred to as “Post-Tetanic Potentiation” (PTP). PTP suggests that prior muscular contractions affect a muscle’s ability to generate subsequent force.  

In the early 1980s, Bigger Faster Stronger (BFS) began showcasing a striking demonstration of contrast training during their athletic fitness clinics. BFS clinicians would have an athlete perform a vertical jump, which they would measure. The athlete would then work up to a heavy set of box squats and retest their vertical. Because the box squat recruits the fast-twitch muscles without excessively fatiguing the legs, those fibers remain activated and powerful during the retest, enabling them to jump higher.  

When I coached at the Air Force Academy in the 1980s, we began using contrast training with our football team. We had athletes first pull a sled and then perform short sprints without it. During this time, speed parachutes gained popularity as a contrast training method (in fact, in the early 1990s, BFS worked with Dr. Tabachnik to promote this product, which he introduced to the US market). These devices featured a quick-release mechanism that allowed athletes to disengage the chute mid-stride. Later, push sleds such as the Prowler® became a popular resistance running tool. To perform contrast training with a push sled, the athlete briefly pushes the weighted sled, then releases their grip and sprints past it. 

Illustration of a person performing six speed training exercises: uphill sprint, sled push, sled pull, sprint with large parachute, resistance bands, and sled drag, all emphasizing leg and torso movement.
Image 2. Popular resistance devices for sprinters: Pull sleds, push sleds, and speed parachutes. (Drawings by Sylvain Lemaire, HexFit.com)

In weightlifting, the intensity of a lift is determined by how close the weight lifted is to your one-repetition maximum. If you can lift 100 pounds for one rep and do so, your intensity is 100 percent. Conversely, if you lift 90 pounds for four reps, you might feel like you’re working harder, but your intensity remains at just 90 percent. 

As a general guideline, weights of at least 85 percent of your one-repetition maximum (1RM) represent an intensity level that will recruit high-threshold motor units. Completing 10 reps represents approximately 75 percent of your one-repetition maximum, which will not significantly develop the fast-twitch fibers. This relationship has important implications for program design for athletes who want to run faster, jump higher, throw faster, kick further, and become more powerful overall. 

Having addressed the science stuff, let’s now look at two types of wave loading that can be performed in the weightroom. 

A weightlifter prepares to lift a heavily loaded barbell during a competition. A person stands nearby monitoring. Various gym apparel and equipment are displayed in the background.
Image 3. Wave loading is a powerful training method that can be used on the athletic field and in the weightroom. (Photo by Ryan Paiva, LiftingLife.com.)

Wave Loading Method #1: Back-Off Sets

Understanding the history of wave loading is essential for appreciating its value. This brings us back to Nikolov, one of three Bulgarians to win a gold medal in the 1972 Olympics. These victories helped Bulgaria upset the heavily-favored Russians for team time, which shocked the Iron Game community.  

I say “shocked” because the Russians were the dominant force in weightlifting in the 1960s. Reasons for their success included substantial financial support from their government and a large genetic pool of reportedly over 100,000 competitor weightlifters. In contrast, the Bulgarian weightlifting program operated with limited financial resources and had only a few thousand weightlifters. However, these disadvantages were offset in 1969 when Ivan Abadjiev became the head coach.  

Under Abadjiev’s leadership, the Bulgarians became a weightlifting powerhouse for two decades, producing 9 Olympic and 57 World champions. I wanted to learn more. 

A split image: Left shows a weightlifter in mid-squat, holding a barbell overhead on a platform, banners behind. Right depicts two men seated and observing, one wearing a tracksuit and the other casual, with an older man standing.
Image 4. Andon Nikolov was one of the first Bulgarians to win Olympic gold under Coach Ivan Abadjiev’s guidance. At right is Abadjiev with Naim Süleymanoğlu, pound-for-pound, the greatest weightlifter ever. (Bruce Klemens photos)

With the wave loading method I read about in Muscle Builder/Power, Nikolov would work up to a maximum or near-maximum in a lift, then decrease the weight to complete his repetitions with heavier weights than could be utilized in a conventional pyramid approach. We can call this approach “back-off” sets, although another name could be “reverse pyramid.”  

Besides recruiting fast-twitch fibers, the heavy singles raise the “shutdown threshold” of a tension/stretch receptor known as the Golgi tendon organ (GTO). An example of the shutdown threshold occurs during an arm-wrestling match when the weaker opponent’s arm suddenly slams onto the table, safeguarding their muscles from tearing. 

Here are two contrasting workouts showing how back-off sets allow athletes to lift heavier weights for multiple repetitions. Both methods prescribe “working sets” of three sets of three reps. 

Set Conventional Approach Back-Off Sets
1 50% x 5* 50% x 5
2 60% x 4 60% x 4
3 70% x 3 70% x 3
4 80% x 3 80% x 2
5 85% x 3 x 3 85% x 1
6 None 90% x 1
7 None 95% x 1
8 None 87.5-90% x 3 x 3

*Percent is the percent of 1-repetition maximum 

As you can see, the back-off series allowed the athlete to lift significantly heavier weights for the working sets. It accomplished these results without a substantial increase in volume (+3 reps), leading to a high level of fatigue that could affect the amount of weight lifted. The back-off set approach also comes with a physiological bonus.  

After lifting your maximum or close to it, the bar feels lighter when you reduce the weight to perform your working sets, boosting your confidence to complete more reps. This is akin to using chains attached to a barbell during squats. As the lifter bends their knees, the chain links begin to rest on the floor, and the resistance decreases, giving the athlete confidence to complete the lift or squat more deeply. 

Rediscover Wave Loading: Program Design for Speed and Power Share on X 

Giving credit where it’s due, legendary strength athlete Doug Hepburn and bodybuilding champion Chuck Sipes practiced forms of contrast training. Hepburn broke eight world records in weightlifting and won the 1953 World Championships. He was the first man to bench press 500 pounds and did a one-arm military press of 200 pounds. Sipes was the 1960 IFBB Mr. Universe and was as strong as he looked. At a bodyweight of 220 pounds, Sipes bench pressed 570 pounds, squatted 600, and did a “cheat” barbell curl with 250. 

Hepburn would perform low reps with maximal weights on one exercise, then decrease the weight and get in his reps. Sipes would support heavy weights in the lockout or near-lockout positions. For example, during a deadlift workout, he might perform standard deadlifts, deadlifts from below the knees, and conclude with deadlift holds. In one example, he would perform deadlift holds for six sets, holding the weight for one minute per set. (Note: The issue with using isometrics for contrast training is they are especially fatiguing; however, to be fair, Sipes said he used heavy supports for tendon and ligament strength.) 

Three vintage bodybuilding magazine covers: Mr. America features a muscular man posing; another Mr. America cover shows a man flexing; Strongman showcases a weightlifter lifting a barbell. Bright colors and bold text highlight fitness themes.
Image 5. Bodybuilding champ Chuck Sipes and strongman Doug Hepburn were Iron Game pioneers who used variations of contrast training to achieve phenomenal strength levels.

While back-off sets are effective, another wave-loading approach allows athletes to train at even higher intensity levels. 

Wave Loading Method #2: The Abadjiev Method

In 2013, I attended a seminar by Coach Abadjiev. Much of his lecture discussed concepts such as the neurological adaptations caused by the Protein Memory Hypothesis. Abadjiev said protein memory deals with how the protein strands synthesized by mRNA with 90 percent lifts differ from those synthesized by 95 percent lifts…ah, sure. Anyway, the point was that to achieve physical superiority, Abadjiev believed that weightlifters must train as heavy as possible as often as possible. 

The next day I spent an hour with Abadjiev in our gym, asking him questions and observing him train one of his lifters. I asked him about using weights in the 75-85 percent range to improve speed, which seemed a popular approach by Russian weightlifters. He responded: “I don’t want my weightlifters to lift light weights fast—I want them to lift heavy weights fast!” This idea is similar to the methods promoted by Charlie Francis, who saw little value in having sprinters perform longer distance runs for sprinters. Okay, now for the details.

When aiming for a maximum single, a common approach for an athlete is as follows: 

50% x 5 

60% x 3  

70% x 2  

80% x 2 

85% x 1 

90% x 1 

95% x 1 

Go for a maximum  

Although this method prepares an athlete for a maximum lift, Abadjiev discovered how to enable his athletes to lift even heavier weights. Specifically, he had his athletes work up to a maximum single, reduce the weight, and then work back up to another max. His athletes would often perform several of these waves.  

Rediscover Wave Loading: Program Design for Speed and Power Share on X 

Often, particularly with advanced athletes, wave loading enables athletes to surpass the results of previous attempts, increasing the training stimulus. Here’s an example, using 100 pounds as a personal best for a power clean: 

1st Wave 2nd Wave 3rd Wave
50 x 5 90 x 2 92.5 x 1
65 x 4 95 x 1 97.5 x 1
80 x 3 97.5 x 1 100 x 1
90 x 2 100 x 1 102.5 x 1
95 x 1 102.5
100

I first tried Abadjiev’s wave-loading method with a former D1 college lineman who had decided to focus on weightlifting. I watched him compete in a local meet—where he made all his attempts and snatched 230 pounds—and then invited him to our gym. A week later, he performed several waves in a single workout and finished with 255 pounds.  

Here’s a closer look at this method in action. Video 1 (below) shows Nikki, a former D1 field hockey player, performing the power clean. On her first wave, she easily succeeded with 65.5 kilos (144 pounds). She jumped to 70.5 kilos, but could only manage a high pull. We lowered the weight to 66.5, which she made, followed by successes at 67.5, 69.5, 70.5, and 71.5 (157 pounds). The result is that the second wave enabled Nikki to increase the intensity of her workout by about nine percent.  

Video 1. A real-world demonstration of how wave loading can enable athletes to use heavier weights for a given workout. 

Getting the Most out of Wave Loading

Although I could write a book wave loading, here are ten guidelines I’ve found effective for getting the most out of this remarkable training method. 

1. Perform wave loading exercises first in a workout.

You should schedule wave loading at the beginning of a workout when you are fresh and can put the most effort into these sets. Expanding on this idea, legendary strength coach Charles Poliquin said that fatigue changes the pH levels in the blood, affecting the muscles’ ability to contract. 

[bctt tweet=”Schedule wave loading at the beginning of a workout when you are fresh and can put the most effort into these sets—Charles Poliquin said that fatigue changes the pH levels in the blood, affecting the muscles’ ability to contract.”] 

2. Reserve wave loading for multi-joint movements.

To stimulate maximum muscle mass development, a bodybuilder might perform exercises to target each of the three heads of the triceps: long, medial, and lateral.  

A general rule for someone who isn’t a bodybuilder is, “If you take care of the larger muscle groups, the smaller ones will take care of themselves.” Therefore, athletes who perform dips, which work all three heads of the triceps, don’t need to perform finishing sets of rope triceps pressdowns. Similarly, because so many sets are performed with this method, using it exclusively with multi-joint movements reduces your workout time. 

Two black and white photos of a weightlifter in action. On the left, the lifter squats with a barbell. On the right, they squat again, wearing a U.S.A. shirt. Both images show focus and strength. Background elements include gyms and other people.
Image 6. Wave loading is particularly effective for squats. Gerd Bonk from East Germany (left) put the shot 17.82 meters in the youth division and became the first person to clean and jerk 550 pounds (250 kilos). Representing the University of Tennessee, Tom Stock won the SEC championship in shot put and later became the 1979 Pan American weightlifting champion. (Photos by Bruce Klemens)

3. Perform wave loading sparingly.

Wave loading is a highly taxing training method that necessitates longer recovery times. For instance, completing a wave loading session with squats on Monday can result in lingering fatigue that would impact your ability to lift monster weights on Wednesday. 

You must also consider that not all exercises have the same recovery periods. The recovery period for a squat may be longer than for a military press, and the recovery period for a deadlift may be longer than for a conventional deadlift.  

A conventional hex bar deadlift is performed with a more upright spine than a conventional deadlift, which might lead to a shorter recovery period. Additionally, a high hex bar deadlift has a significantly shorter range of motion, which should lead to an even shorter recovery period. 

4. Cycle wave loading into long-term planning.

To get the most out of wave loading, scheduling it at the most appropriate times is essential. Because it is so physically demanding, you would not perform wave loading a few days before a major athletic competition. 

Here is a general outline of a four-week weightlifting cycle inspired by Coach Spassov that I’ve used with several of my competitive weightlifters: 

Week 1: Deloading 

Week 2: High Volume 

Week 3: High Intensity 

Week 4: Peaking 

In this example, back-off sets (higher volume) could be performed during Week 2 and the Abadjiev Method (higher intensity) during Week 3. 

5. Focus on low reps for speed and power.

As Ross explained when he worked with Allyson Felix, activating these high threshold motor units in the weightroom could increase stride length as long as there are also minimal increases in bodyweight. Let me share three real-world examples of weightlifters who dramatically increased how much they lifted over several years while remaining in the same bodyweight division.  

Image 7 below shows three weightlifters who won Olympic gold. The men’s first and last lifts in this table represent world records, so they all competed at the highest levels and possessed superior technique. All three lifters’ body weight remained the same despite spans of six, eight, and nine years. By focusing on training the high-threshold motor units, they got stronger without getting bigger. 

Name BW Year Snatch Clean and Jerk
David Rigert 198 1970 357 —–
David Rigert 198 1971 —– 457
David Rigert 198 1978 397 488
Yuri Vardanyan 181 1978 375 462
Yuri Vardanyan 181 1984 397 493
Lidia Valentin 165 2005 229 257
Lidia Valentin 165 2014 273 324

Notes: 

— BW = Bodyweight 

— All weights in pounds 

— Lidia Perez Valentin’s initial lifts were performed at the Junior World Championships 

I should point out that Rigert was known for exceptional sprinting ability (reportedly running 10.4 in 100m) and Vardanyan for his jumping ability, as he could reportedly standing long jump 12.1 feet and high jump seven feet using a three-step approach and forward takeoff. There are YouTube videos showing Vardanyan performing remarkable displays of his jumping ability.  

Three separate images of weightlifters performing lifts. The first shows a person lifting a barbell overhead on stage. The second depicts a person in a squat with a barbell lifted. The third shows a person achieving a lift in a black and white photo.
Image 7. Weightlifters Lidia Perez Valentin, David Rigert (center), and Yuri Vardanyan made exceptional progress for several years without increasing their body weights. (Left photo by Joseph McCray, liftinglife.com; middle and right photos by Bruce Klemens.)

6. Use longer rest periods.

The nervous system may need 5-7 times more rest than the muscular system—you wouldn’t rest for 15 seconds between sets of 50-meter sprints if speed development is the goal. For lifting, rest periods should range from 180 to 300+ seconds, depending on the training priority and repetition intensity chosen. Here is an example, using the 2nd wave in the previous example: 

Percent of 1RM Rest (seconds)
90 x 2 180s
95 x 1 240s
97.5 x 1 300s
100 x 1 300s
102.5 300s
Begin 3rd wave

An exception would be if you used wave loading with supersets involving two exercises, such as a push press and deadlift. Rest periods with these protocols could be shortened as returning to the first set takes longer. 

7. Use a rep range for back-off sets.

One challenge in designing workouts is that numerous variables influence an athlete’s performance in a specific session, so a coach can only make an educated guess. (Fun Fact: One college strength coach told me he intentionally kept Monday workouts light because many of his athletes were often hungover from partying the night before!) 

Let’s say an athlete is scheduled to perform three sets of three reps using 85 percent of their one-rep max. In this case, 85 percent might be too light or too heavy to achieve optimal loading, so the odds of a coach guessing the optimal weight are 1:3.   

Instead of prescribing a single repetition number, use a rep range, such as 2-4, to optimally challenge the athlete. 

One highly effective variation of back-off sets for this purpose—and a favorite of Coach Poliquin—is the 1-6 Method. To the best of my knowledge, Dragomir Cioroslan, an Olympian and the coach of 1984 Olympic Champion Nicu Vlad, created it. 

In superset style, the 1-6 Method alternates between sets of one repetition and six repetitions. You start with about 90 percent of your 1RM for the first set and 75 percent for the set of six, increasing these percentages each set. After each set, the athlete rests for about four minutes. The weight for each superset increases. 

After warm-up sets, here is how such a workout could progress for an athlete who squats 300 pounds: 

Set 1: 1 rep with 270 pounds  

Set 2: 6 reps with 225 pounds  

Set 3: 1 rep with 275 pounds 

Set 4: 6 reps with 230 pounds 

Set 5: 1 rep with 280 pounds 

Set 6: 6 reps with 235 pounds 

Although this topic is beyond the scope of this article, my colleague Paul Gagné uses a form of the 1-6 Method with isoinertial (flywheel) training, alternating heavy disks with lighter ones. He also performs more repetitions, because achieving optimal speed requires a few “garbage reps” to tighten the belt’s slack. 

8. Be conservative at first.

The number of waves an athlete can perform is influenced by their conditioning level. While it’s impressive to hear about the accomplishments of elite weightlifters breaking PRs on multiple waves, a beginner should start with only one wave. As a general guideline, you are probably doing too many waves if you do not exceed the previous maxes on your last wave. 

9. Use wave loading to correct errors in weightlifting exercises.

Poor technique often hinders the performance of heavy lifts or partial movements, such as the snatch. Wave loading is an effective method for correcting errors that cause athletes to miss maximal weights. Also, with highly technical lifts such as the snatch, the improvements in a single wave loading workout can often be exceptional—backing off with lighter sets may enable the athlete or their coach to figure out how to correct the fault.  

Rediscover Wave Loading: Program Design for Speed and Power Share on X 

https://simplifaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Video-2-Wave-Loading-.mp4

Video 2. A real-world demonstration of how wave loading can enable athletes to correct technique faults in the snatch. 

In Video 2, you’ll see Lisa, a former collegiate tennis player, performing snatches. She made a shaky snatch with 41 Kilos (90 pounds) and then missed 42 kilos twice. On the second wave, she dropped to 37 kilos, then made 39, 42, 43, and 45 kilos (99 pounds), approximately a 10-percent improvement. She even seemed a little faster.  

One more example. Athletes often miss a maximum power clean because they begin with the bar moving forward, away from the body’s center of mass. Once the athlete reaches their peak on the first wave, they can reduce the weight and perform a few light clean deadlifts to the knees to strengthen the optimal bar path. After a few of these sets, the athlete would work back up in the power clean to a new maximum. 

10. Introduce variety into waves with similar exercises.

Similar exercises can be integrated into a wave-loading series to introduce variety into a workout. For example, you might perform two waves of hex bar deadlifts using the low handles and switch to the high handles for the third wave. This method ensures that the final set involves heavier weights, which is motivating for the athlete. 

Wave loading is a proven training method for increasing strength and explosiveness in athletes. Follow these guidelines to see what this high-intensity training method can do for you! 

References

Tabachnik, Ben. Personal Communication. January 1994 

Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, and Wright S. “Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements.” Journal of Applied Physiology (1985). November 2000;89(5):1991-9. 

Stone MH, Sands WA, Pierce KC, Ramsey MW, Haff GG. “Power and power potentiation among strength-power athletes: preliminary study.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, March 2008;3(1):55-67. 

Ross, Barry. Underground Secrets to Faster Running, BearPowered, November 2, 2005. [Also, a non-dated article by Ross called “The Holy Grail in Speed Training.] 

Shepard, Greg. “Sprint Chute™ Training Guidelines.” Bigger Faster Stronger, Spring 1994. 

Thurston, Tom. Strongman: The Doug Hepburn Story, Ronsdale Press, August 16, 2003. 

Weis, Dennis B. “Echoes from the Power Storm that was Chuck Sipes!” Critical Bench.com, 2011. 

Abadjiev, Ivan. Personal Communication, May 19, 2013 

Francis, Charlie and Coplon, Jeff. Speed Trap: Inside the Biggest Scandal in Olympic History, St Martin’s Press, January 1, 1991.  

Thibaudeau, Christian. “The 1-6 Loading Scheme for Strength and Size.” Thibarmy.com, April 17, 2018. 

Gagné, Paul. Personal Communication, December 15, 2024. 

Athlete performs 180 degree cut test for change of direction, timed using the Sportreact system.

180° Cut Testing: A Superior Standard for Change of Direction

Blog| BySteve Breitenstein

Athlete performs 180 degree cut test for change of direction, timed using the Sportreact system.

For decades, the standards in agility testing at combine events, in college S&C, and at the high school level have been the 5-10-5 Pro Shuttle, the T Test, and the 3 Cone Test.1 Through years of working in the private sport performance space, we coached thousands of football players to set up as precisely as possible, choreograph the footwork like a dance, and maximize every cutting angle based on athlete limb length, flexibility, and strength in order to minimize time in the cut and maximize explosion out of the cut. By this description alone, it becomes clear that this is not agility and barely even feels like a change of direction measurement—instead, it more resembles a dance performance.

Agility requires reaction to a stimulus as well as an understanding of space, speed, and strategy. The term agility is falsely thrown around too often to describe change of direction. If a pattern is being timed, it can’t truly be agility but is rather Complex Reactive Change of Direction, because there is a start and an end to a pattern.

In June of 2023, by chance I was contacted by Anto Siric, the CEO of Sportreact, through social media. Eventually, we were able to connect on Zoom—like so many tech demos, it was impressive in concept and looked solid over Zoom…but I needed to get my hands on it to really know. Fast-forward three months later and Anto and his team came through Chicago and agreed to stop by our facility to show the system in person—they set up pods, ran through a barrage of drills and timing options, and took tons of videos. At the time, our facility was already utilizing a pair of timing systems and it didn’t make sense to add another, despite Sportreact looking even more impressive in person than on video. Once I had the chance to begin coaching at a different facility, the decision was a no brainer: I called Anto!

In my 20 years of coaching athlete development, I’ve found the Sportreact system to be in a class of its own with the ability to design and execute complex and creative setups—multiple combinations of pods utilizing colors, numbers and symbols, as well as timing gates in order to challenge athletes. As the standards that athletes are compared to become less repeatable, the closer the drill is to true agility.

In my 20 years of coaching athlete development, I’ve found the @Sportreact22549 system to be in a class of its own with the ability to design and execute complex and creative setups, says @SteveBstein. Share on X

These conflicts of Agility vs. Change of Direction, Athleticism vs. Choreography, and Standards vs. Worthless Numbers led us to reflect as a staff and ask three important questions.

1. Why Was the 5-10-5 Pro Shuttle Failing Us at Our Training Facility?

The primary issue was whether it was truly testing an athlete’s ability to change direction like in sport; and, equally problematic, was then attempting to test groups of athletes. Here are a few common challenges:

  1. Typically hand-timed – Accuracy, validity and consistency issues.
  2. Athlete error – Starting in the wrong direction, rolling start, no hand touch, wrong hand touch, slips.
  3. Timer error – Electronic gates can have issues because the athlete starts in beam, causing missed reps.
  4. Time consuming – Challenging to test large groups of athletes.

Does performing a good 5-10-5 actually indicate an athlete will have dynamic change of direction on the field or court? Personally, I haven’t seen a great carryover. I worked with a high school football Defensive End that got down to an electronic 4.3 second 5-10-5. We worked 100’s of reps with countless slips, half reps, and restarts. His speed did not match that time, but he was long-limbed and together we created the best footwork pattern and angles to allow him to perform at a combine event—ultimately, though, his ability to play his position was what got him the opportunity to play at the next level.

Does performing a good 5-10-5 actually indicate an athlete will have dynamic change of direction on the field or court? Personally, I haven’t seen a great carryover says @SteveBstein. Share on X

2. Where Was the T Test Failing Us at Our Training Facility?

This was largely due to the exact same reasons as the 5-10-5…but adding to it were the injuries that occurred when athletes were competing on the backpedal. Surprising at first, but we saw multiple wrist injuries from falling back and catching with the hands—and for those who failed to catch themselves, concussions from hitting the back of their head.

Again, if we are spending valuable coaching time working athletes through a test—instead of coaching the underlying athleticism—it just doesn’t make sense! Space is always going to be a restriction in training and the requirement of the T Test would dampen our ability to efficiently train.

3. Where Was the 3 Cone Test Failing Us at Our Training Facility?

Again, the reasons boiled down to athlete error, inability to laser time, and large group sizes. It just doesn’t make sense as a standard to measure change of direction and does not even come close to measuring agility. This is an extremely choreographed pattern for those who run it well! As a drill, this moved from a timed metric of performance to an opportunity for athletes to be challenged in a variety of cone patterns and competition races. The rapid change of direction and variety of angles throughout the drill are a great stimulus in training, but not the standard for change of direction or agility.

The rapid change of direction and variety of angles throughout the 3 Cone Drill are a great stimulus in training, but not the standard for change of direction or agility says @SteveBstein. Share on X

In 2015, I had the opportunity to visit with the Milwaukee Bucks of the NBA and spend a few hours with Coach Mike Davie. Along with Suki Hobson, Coach Davie was doing great work with ACL return to play and patellar pain management. The topic of data collection around linear speed and change of direction came up and I shared the frustrations I had felt with the 5-10-5, especially for basketball players. Davie shared with me a test they were using for performance, but also as a gauge for return to play.

The Setup:

  • Athlete starts 5 yards from a laser gate, with a line 5 yards beyond the gate.
  • Athlete sprints through gate, touches foot to line, performs 180° cut, and sprints back through the gate.
  • Repeat for the other foot.

Finding the athlete’s best times on each foot can highlight:

  1. Athlete’s ability to use speed in and out of a cut.
  2. A difference in cutting side—indication of imbalance and future injury risk.
  3. Return to play—how close are they to previous best and/or opposite side (ankle and knee injuries)?

I brought this idea back to our facility and we beta tested it for a couple months, then mixed it in with 5-10-5.  Immediately we were impressed with how quickly we could set up the 180 Cut Test and have athletes running it with minimal instruction. As a staff, our focus was back on coaching the skill of change of direction vs. coaching an athlete to perform a test. Overall athlete engagement improved, as there was less time standing waiting and less frustration about the repeated errors they experienced executing the 5-10-5.

We were impressed with how quickly we could set up the 180 Cut Test and have athletes running it with minimal instruction—our focus was back on coaching the skill of COD vs. coaching an athlete to perform a test, says @SteveBstein. Share on X

Fast forward 5 years, and the only athletes we now had training 5-10-5 were preparing for a football combine event—instead, our athletes were running 100’s of 180° cut tests each week. Often at the professional and college level, coaches track numbers every 4-12 weeks, and early in our group training business, we followed suit. There wasn’t enough control in the private setting to actually capture prime performance numbers. A few factors were the number of games played over the weekend, fatigue, and soreness from other training as well as overall fatigue from school and life. We moved to a system of daily data captures, so that over the course of 8-12 weeks, a pattern of performance was identified compared to one-off testing days.

From over 10,000 tested reps, we realized that the test wasn’t just a test, but a fantastic training stimulus—the ease with which we could repeatedly time the movement drove high intent on each rep. The simplicity of the setup allowed it to be quick and portable, with all ages of athletes picking it up within 1 or 2 reps—meaning we weren’t coaching how to perform the drill, but rather coaching how to sprint and cut better! Athletes were challenged to incorporate strategy to maximize performance, meaning pace, angles and projection. With only a foot touch to the line vs a hand touch, athletes were creating shapes that we would see in sport and allowed a better connection of training to competition!


Video 1. 180° Cut Test.

Video 2 180° Cut shown in a team setting.

Performing a team athletic assessment with the Sportreact 2-gate setup, 16 athletes were able to get 3 reps each side in 6 minutes, in addition to Linear Speed testing, Vertical Jump, 10-5 RSI Test, and Broad Jump. Together this creates a great picture of athleticism in addition to sport coach feedback on how they apply it in competition.

Simple Standards to Get Started

After timing and recording over 10,000 reps of middle school, high school, and college athletes we were able to categorize data into average, above average, and excellent for male and female athletes. Having these standards is highly valuable to give a vision on Day 1 of where an athlete is compared to where they need to be. Instead of just saying a specific number, it becomes a range that athletes move into and out of—which is important for those returning from injury or those with a low initial training age.

A table showing time categories for running. Columns list Middle School Male/Female, High School Male/Female, College Male/Female. Rows indicate Excellent, Above Avg., and Average, with specific time ranges in seconds.
Table 1. 180° Cut Test Benchmarks (5 yard lead-in and 5 yard touch and return).

Table 1. 180° Cut Test Benchmarks (5 yard lead-in and 5 yard touch and return).

Records were also regularly posted and competed for, but these standards stayed true year after year for the demographic of athletes we were working with across multiple team and individual court, field, and ice sports.

Return to Play

In a field focused on maximizing performance and athleticism, utilizing the 180° cut as a precursor for injury and return to sport is crucial. The desirable ratio side-to-side is similar to that in order to be cleared for return to play from an ACL: 95% of the healthy side.3 Even in a “healthy” athlete, if there is a significant discrepancy, that should be addressed. The issue could be a mobility, strength, or technical issue—and just like a muscular imbalance side to side, or a significant difference in the ability to hop and stick, there is an increased likelihood of injury.

    “The ankle is the most common site of injury in 24 of 70 sports. Ankle sprain accounted for 76.7% of injuries, followed by fractures at 16.3%. Basketball and soccer have a higher proportion of ankle injuries. In soccer, the risk of injury during match play is 4 to 6 times greater than during training.

    Once an ankle sprain occurs, up to 80% will suffer recurrent sprains, and up to 72% develop recurrent symptoms or chronic instability. Basketball athletes are 5 times more likely to injure an ankle after a prior ankle injury, with a recurrence rate of 73%. Recurrence most strongly correlates with premature return to sport and a prior ankle injury.”2

Utilizing the 180° Cut to assess prior to injury—and then add value to the discussion whether an athlete is ready to be on “no restrictions” status or not post-injury—is an invaluable addition to training. When data such as speed, jumping height, and ability is presented to athletes, the story becomes clearer.

Utilizing the 180° Cut to assess prior to injury—and then add value to the discussion whether an athlete is ready to be on ‘no restrictions’ status or not post-injury—is an invaluable addition to training. Share on X

Final Thoughts

In the end, the 180° Cut Assessment allows a consistent, reliable, and quick way to standardize change of direction. This approach falls into the mindset of “Let the test be the training and the training be the test,” utilizing a quality and adaptable timing system to drive intent every single rep.

Creative Utilizations of the 180° Cut Assessment in Training:

  1. Changing the lead-in distance and/or the distance after the gate—not standardized, but a great training stimuli.
  2. Having athletes compete in races—one athlete is timed and the other is not. This may or may not capture the athletes best, but poses question do they abandon technique in competition?
  3. Varying locomotions—not standardized, but changing it before a rep or during a rep based on visual or audio cue (examples: shuffle to start, sprint at the gate, shuffle back from the line touch to the gate).
  4. Incorporate sport skill into the cut (examples: dribble a basketball or soccer ball or cradle a lacrosse stick).

Setting the foundation of change of direction with the 180 Cut has allowed for extreme creativity in training, where the Sportreact system allows for an open, unpredictable pattern of movement while driving intent with a high standard of timing feedback. While the purest form of agility is competing in sport, the Sportreact system is providing the closest way to facilitate and measure it in training!

Since you’re here…
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Athlete performs Yuri exercise to develop horizontal force in early acceleration phase of a sprint.

Complications & Rising Action: Steps 1-6 in a Sprint

Blog| ByChris Korfist

Athlete performs Yuri exercise to develop horizontal force in early acceleration phase of a sprint.

Step 1 is the first of the many barriers we will encounter on our journey. It isn’t a true physical barrier, but more of a speed barrier. 3.0 m/s second would be that barrier—from my data on the 1080, that is the speed at which enough momentum has been generated to set up a proper first step. That is the speed that should project the body about .5m (I am measuring that with my 1080 equipment).

The reason why a “speed barrier” exists is that if an athlete is slower than 3.0 m/s in their first step, the body will not have the velocity to create stability. So, in order to create stability, the body slows down and puts the first step in place that prevents a fall. Watch someone learning how to ride a bike—without the initial velocity or push from a parent, they wobble and sometimes fall. The body reacts the same way. It will move in ways that create stability before allowing for performance. The easiest way to gain stability is to stand up. Or, do the opposite, lowering the center of mass—this is where you may see an excessive lean or an athlete pushing their hips behind the contact point. Both of these are the neurological responses for stability.

The reason why a ‘speed barrier’ exists is that if an athlete is slower than 3.0 m/s in their first step, the body will not have the velocity to create stability says @korfist. Share on X

So, before drilling all the different techniques that may or may not help the athlete reach the speed barrier (usually not), get physics on your side and hit that velocity, see how it works.

The Exciting Force: Next Steps in Acceleration

Let’s say you get to 3.0 m/s. We can now progress into the action of the story. Step 1 hits at about .5m with the foot underneath the center of mass with a rigid ankle. A good measurement is checking where the hip is in relation to the first foot contact. If the athlete reaches too far, the center of mass won’t project as much. I stole this idea from Coach Neel in Austin TX as a good way to measure actual placement. This also gives a good cue for the athlete to see where they are. Another consideration—too far in the initial landing spot usually sets up a really short second step. So, there is a sweet spot.

A person in motion, seemingly mid-jump or leaning forward, in an indoor setting. They are wearing athletic clothing and sneakers, with gym equipment and mats visible in the background. The image is slightly blurred.
Image 1. Using PVC pipes, I can set the appropriate distances so athletes can see where they need to get to or how close they are to the appropriate distance.

Back to the story. The foot hits and the athlete has projected out to .5m. The body has to deal with a vertical force while trying to push horizontally. The added vertical force creates a new barrier: the leg. In fact, it becomes a barrier for every step. An athlete has to move their center of mass (hips and torso) 60 degrees over a fixed point (leg) while getting pulled into the ground. If we take a 3-frame shot, this looks like the athlete is pulling their hips past their foot.

A person in a black top and red shorts is starting a sprint on an indoor track. The sequence shows them transitioning from crouching to taking off. Other people and equipment are visible in the background.
Image 2. 3-frame stills.

An exercise to strengthen this would be a simple resisted run. But most of the time, untrained athletes can’t find that position with a heavy weight around their waist. They tend to bend and lose the shin/torso relationship, and it becomes a different exercise. This is why I like Yuri’s. I can position their foot and torso in a position and pull their hips forward. Or, I can reverse the Yuri and use a cable with a foot strap around the ball of their toe, having them push back. This will force the athlete to keep a rigid ankle.

If I wanted to add a vertical component, an athlete can also add bands over their shoulders as well. Or, we can add an inter-thigh component and band up the opposite thigh as well.


Video 1. This is the basic Yuri, where the athlete has to pull their body across the band.


Video 2. Adding more to the basic, the HF requires more inter-thigh action using the hips to help the movement.


Video 3. Adding vertical pressure forces the body to deal with a vertical overload  in addition to 2 horizontal forces.

What muscles are working? What needs to be Sprint Strength. In 2021, the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science Sports published a brilliant paper entitled “How muscles maximize performance in accelerated sprinting” by Marcus Pandy, Adrian Lai, Anthony Schade, and Yi-Chung Lin. Measuring 19 foot strikes, they wanted to determine what muscles were working. The paper is a gold mine of information and warrants multiple readings. But, to sum it up: gastrocs, hamstrings, and glute medius need to be strong.

Gastrocs ideally contract from a plantarflexed position. While the Soleus offer vertical lift, the gastrocs need to create torque. This means that instead of raising vertically, like in a traditional weight room calf exercise, gastrocs will rotate the heel forward over the ball of the toe. Imagine a socket anchored on the ball of your big toe, your gastroc is what rotates the socket from a horizontal position (9 or 3 on a clock) to noon. Below is a good example of how to create torque in your gastroc exercises.


Video 4. Torque Calf Raise.

The hamstring involved in these early steps is the long head of the biceps femoris. This hamstring is the muscle that brings the foot into the ground. In fact, this is the hamstring that brings the leg into the ground throughout the entire sprint. The faster the leg goes into the ground, the faster an athlete runs… thanks Ken Clark. This movement is what creates tangential velocity.

The problem for this muscle on the first step is the bend in the torso. This position stretches the long head of the biceps femoris to its furthest position, which is why so many hamstring injuries occur in these early acceleration steps. How can we strengthen this position? Use a cable machine to pull down with your leg. Postural changes will change the exercise (Side note: in the next article, I will write more about hamstrings).


Video 5. Simple biceps femoris pull.

One would think the glute max would be next in the importance for the recruitment during the early steps in an acceleration. Controversially, at this point, research shows that the glute max helps to raise and stabilize the torso. Surprisingly, it is the glute medius that slides in for their number three spot for muscle recruitment during the early accel stages. More specifically, the posterior head of the glute med. Traditionally thought of as a hip abductor, the posterior head also extends the hip with the foot turned out. And, as mentioned in a previous article, if one end of the joint is locked, it will bring the other side forward. In this case, it will bring the opposite hip forward. The hip flexion will help create space between the peak hip flexion point and the ground, so the limb has extra time to accelerate into the ground.

An easy exercise is to get in an accel position and pull your swing thigh forward, forcing the rotation of the hip. I like to use a box to emphasize height in the swing leg.


Video 6. Low HF 2 Ways: focus on the far athlete.

Where are the traditional weight room exercises? They can help, but a problem arises when we flip the frames from the earlier trio image on the side and you can see what we are trying to do.

A series of three images depicts a person in black and red athletic gear kicking a soccer ball on an indoor track. The person is captured in different stages of the kicking motion.
Image 3. Trio of stills flipped vertically.

He pushes with his shins, staying parallel with his torso. He gets his horizontal force by rolling shins down. In the weight room, most machines deal in a vertical aspect, where novice athletes lose that shin/torso relationship. This is a hard pattern to replicate in a gravity-driven environment.

Another aspect of the accel phase that is worth noting is the frequency at which the legs cycle. After logging thousands of runs on the 1080 Sprint, I have found that really fast people have a high rate of turnover in the early stage of the run. One paper showed Usain Bolt having a frequency of 4.8hz in the first 10m of a 100m. Christian Coleman and Su Bingtian in 2018 were hitting about 4.6hz in the first 3 steps. An average HS sprinter is about 3.8hz. A simple coaching cue would be to focus on turnover when accelerating.

Moving on from acceleration, the next chapter in our story will be about top-end speed.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Elvis Pereymer, CTO & C-Founder of Rock Daisy joins the SimpliFaster interview series The Connection to discus their company's Athlete Management System.

The Connection—Episode #3 Featuring Elvis Pereymer of RockDaisy: “Simplifying the Complex”

Blog, Podcast| ByThe Connection

Elvis Pereymer, CTO & C-Founder of Rock Daisy joins the SimpliFaster interview series The Connection to discus their company's Athlete Management System.

“One of the biggest hurdles that coaches often feel is that they’re overwhelmed by how complicated data collection can seem, and many times they don’t even know what to do with the data that they get.”

Elvis Pereymer, CTO and Co-Founder of RockDaisy joins SimpliFaster’s Nate Huffstutter for a compact and informative discussion about ways that coaches can use RockDaisy’s Athlete Management System (AMS) to make their workflows more efficient.

“Coaches can feel like they need to be a data scientist to use an AMS, but that’s not the case with RockDaisy,” says Pereymer. “We emphasize time-saving. At the end of the day, coaches we speak to spend hours on Excel and Google Sheets, and while it’s great that you have that skill, let’s get back to coaching and we help with that.” 


Connection Short Take #1: Elvis Pereymer on ways to simplify data collection and visualization.

We emphasize time-saving—coaches we speak to spend hours on Excel and Google Sheets, and while it’s great that you have that skill, let’s get back to coaching, says Elvis Pereymer @RockDaisyAMS. Share on X

Pereymer emphasizes that everything in their system is treated as a metric. This allows for immediate use of the software with basic inputs like attendance, which can then be visualized in templates that create a green-yellow-red indicators or other effective presentations. Additionally, with their vendor APIs, RockDaisy can sync, integrate, and present data from a wide range of popular technologies, from GPS to force plates to timing systems and much, much more


The Connection Episode 3. Watch the full episode with RockDaisy CTO & Co-Founder Elvis Pereymer.

“We’ve designed our dashboard templates to be incredibly flexible so they can work regardless of the data source you’re using,” Pereymer says. “Let’s say you’re collecting vertical jump data with a contact mat and you want to start visualizing it. You can use a dashboard we call ‘The Daily Trend by Athlete’ where you simply choose vertical jump as your metric, choose a date range, choose a group of athletes, and instantly you’ll have that data broken down over time, but with some context to it.”


Connection Short Take #2: Elvis Pereymer on the practicality and flexibility of RockDaisy’s dashboards.

Expanding on their mission to make data collection and communication a seamless process, RockDaisy have also begun developing workout builder tools for coaches to deliver programming directly to their athletes either via traditional printed training cards or digitally to the athlete’s device.

“Our workout builder is evolving,” Pereymer says. “But today a coach can create multiple programs and have each program individualized per athlete…and we have multiple delivery methods to deliver that to an athlete.

For more practical ways to use RockDaisy’s software tools, read:

  • “Demystifying APIs (to Spend More Time Coaching and Less Time Managing Data),” by Chris Tanck.
  • “Unlocking Success: The Benefits of Baseline Athlete Performance Tests,” by Chris Tanck.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


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