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Blog

Pursuing Growth

Pursuing Challenges and Growth with Stuart McMillan

Freelap Friday Five| ByStuart McMillan, ByNathan Huffstutter

Pursuing Growth

Currently in his 26th year of professional coaching, Stuart McMillan is CEO and Short Sprints Coach at ALTIS. Stuart has worked with professional and amateur athletes in a variety of sports with a focus on power and speed development, and he has personally coached move than 70 Olympians at nine Olympic Games, winning over 30 Olympic medals. He has worked as part of national governing bodies in six countries and has been part of and/or led integrated support teams in the United States, Canada, and the UK. Stuart has also accrued the unique experience of coaching at three home Olympic Games, working with American athletes in 2002 at the Salt Lake City Games, Canadians in 2010 at Vancouver-Whistler, and British athletes in 2012 at the London Olympics. Most recently, he coached British sprinter Jodie Williams to a sixth-place finish in the 400m at the Tokyo Olympic Games.

Freelap USA: All the years of groundwork that go into building a successful high-performance business can also lead to a sense of “stuckness” for coaches who may want a change of geography but can’t imagine starting over—what were the moments that crystalized for you and your partners that moving ALTIS from Phoenix to Atlanta was the right course of action and a doable thing? And what have been the most unanticipated challenges you’ve had to overcome during this process?

Stuart McMillan: First, none of us really see this as starting over—as so much of our business is remote or virtual anyway, and the pandemic had reduced our on-site athlete population to a point where it didn’t significantly affect the athletes as a whole. Of course, not all the athletes made the move to Atlanta with us, but as a company, we just felt that this was a move we had to make for the best of the group.

We had an amazing time in Phoenix and met some wonderful people. Our partnership with EXOS over the last eight years is a big reason why we have been able to grow ALTIS to where it is today. I can’t thank Mark Verstegen and his team enough—and I will forever be indebted to them.

The motivation for the move was the fact that we didn’t feel like we were able to continue growing in Phoenix. To be honest, the last couple of years just felt a little stale for all of us. Of course, I’m sure the pandemic had a lot to do with that.

Stu Atlanta
(Lead image and all photos courtesy of Lynwood Robinson).

As we have just arrived in Atlanta, the challenges are no doubt yet to come—but we look forward to meeting them head on. It’s only through challenge that we can grow.

One thing you learn with experience is that every five-year plan has a shelf-life of about a year or so before you have to revise it, so while we have some idea of the types of things we want to do going forward, we know that we will need to continue to be agile.

One thing you learn with experience is that every five-year plan has a shelf-life of about a year or so before you have to revise it, says @StuartMcMillan1. Share on X

In the short term, we hope to establish a number of great partnerships with local businesses here, and of course, we hope to welcome visiting coaches again in the new year.

As for knowing whether it is the right course of action—only time will tell!

Freelap USA: What inspired the specific Women in Coaching mentorship program at ALTIS and how do you hope to help impact the ongoing need to support greater numbers, improved retention, and better opportunities for advancement among female coaches?

Stuart McMillan: Much of the motivation in starting this initiative stemmed from the under-representation of women at our monthly Apprentice Coach Programs—especially female track and field coaches. (Most of the women who come through are S&C coaches, where it seems women are making inroads far more quickly than they are in track and field coaching.)

There are some significant challenges—most of which we are not expert in, and many of which don’t have easy solutions.

Where we sit on “quota systems,” for example, is something we need to think more deeply on—and seek further guidance on. My current intuitions echo those of my friend Rachel Balkovec, who said: “Quotas for hiring women are a bandaid for a deeper issue. We need young women to be interested in careers in sports, which is a separate issue from hiring women. Right now, due to low numbers of female applicants, it becomes difficult for an employer to select a qualified woman as their employee. The foundational issue is that while we have many women playing in high levels of sports, few of them choose sports as a career. Let’s start there.”

So how do we get young women interested in careers in sports?

Well, that’s complex—and much of it we can’t do a lot about.

But what we can do is provide better opportunities for female coaches to educate themselves. From conversations with many of the female coaches in our network and with some of the women who have attended our programs, it became clear that they are often not comfortable in a male-dominated, traditional educational setting.

How do we get young women interested in careers in sports? Well, that’s complex…but what we can do is provide better opportunities for female coaches to educate themselves, says @StuartMcMillan1. Share on X

This was the genesis of our Women in Coaching Initiative—which has spawned a very successful women’s-only ACP and a women’s-only mentorship program, led by ALTIS Head Coach Dan Pfaff and Education Director Ellie Kormis.

The response thus far has been amazing, and with the support of our community, we hope to expand the initiative further in the months and years to come.

Freelap USA: If you were a team sport coach in a high-level attacking sport and were shadowing you (or another ALTIS coach) through several weeks of training with a group of elite sprinters, what would be a few cues, drills, movements, or other training elements that you would observe and say yes, I’m totally stealing that to use with my athletes and what are a few elements you would see and say wow, that’s phenomenal, I’d be tempted to take that too… but I don’t think this will translate beyond the track?

Stuart McMillan: First, we are visited by coaches from other sports all the time. In fact, this was the genesis of our Apprentice Coach Program—to put some structure to coaches’ visits and to make it easier for us to provide a better experience for them.

We actually discuss this very question at our initial meeting with the visiting coaches during the program. In essence, we warn them against simple “copy and paste” methods. The work we do at ALTIS is a product of the experiences of our coaches, our cumulative experience with athletes for decades, and our methodologies in the sport of track and field, at the elite end. And so, coaches with different experiences, who coach through different lenses and who work with different populations, must take all of this into account when observing our training.

I feel the industry as a whole has made the mistake of blindly copying from each other for far too long, and this has only been exacerbated in the social media era.

Rather, we encourage everyone to watch what we do, and ask questions about why we do it. Then, with that context, they should decide whether or not they can apply something similar to their own environments. Or even better, some may challenge us on our thought processes or the practical manifestations of these thought processes. Our senior staff have been coaching for a long time, but we all feel we still have a lot to learn, and I honestly feel we learn as much from visiting coaches as they do from us.

I feel the industry as a whole has made the mistake of blindly copying from each other for far too long, and this has only been exacerbated in the social media era, says @StuartMcMillan1. Share on X

That said, some things are common across populations—like the importance we place on how athletes move.

One critique I have of many coaches—especially in team sports—is their lack of attention to anything that happens outside of the weight room. Many coaches are sticklers for mechanics in the weight room but pay little attention on the field or court—instead, simply relying on a variety of “drills” to do the technical work for them.

The other thing we are known for is the emphasis we put on qualitative analysis. We do have some of the latest and greatest tech, but we are careful that we do not rely on it. In more than 30 years of coaching, I have yet to make a single coaching decision based only upon what a piece of technology tells me. I fear that this skill (and it is a skill) is a bit of a dying art. Too many coaches and sport scientists are overly reliant on numbers these days—and the quality of coaching has probably declined as a result.

So, to answer your question, probably the biggest thing I hope coaches “steal” from us is the importance we place on how athletes move, and our roles in influencing it—whether that be through explicit coaching instruction, cueing, constraints, improving various abilities and capacities, or therapy.

Freelap USA: Among the many takeaways from the Tokyo Olympics, the quality of “peacefulness” you’ve discussed in the past was a defining quality of several medal-winning sprint performances. How do you define and emphasize this quality with ALTIS athletes and what are some hands-on ways you coach and cue the state of freedom or peace in a sprint race?

Stuart McMillan: I’ve often said to visiting coaches who ask me about coaching instruction and cueing that “my goal each day is to say nothing.” I have never quite succeeded at this, but through using this mantra as a goal, I am continually reminded that the words I use matter, and so I should be careful with my choices.

One way I try to reduce the number of words I use is through the use of what are called mood words—words that, when said or thought with the appropriate feeling and/or emphasis, may positively affect movement outcome.

Performing artists, for example, often express a particular mood by dramatizing a single word. The right word at the right time will cause a physical reaction in the body and improve performance.

A sporting example is a rower who repeats to herself the word “BOOM” during the catch of each stroke, as a way of increasing the initial force of the pull of the oar through the water.

The right word seems to bypass the need for more complicated explanations. The technical instructions just seem like they come along for the ride.

As it pertains to “freedom” and “peace” with sprinters (and this is actually the case with athletes in many other sports as well), the most successful are often those who do the best job of “staying relaxed” under high levels of arousal. They balance the requisite ferocity of speed-power sports with the freedom needed to move efficiently.

The problem is asking an athlete to “stay relaxed” is easier said than done—especially in competition—and in many cases this can have a deleterious effect on their force-producing abilities.

I find that the words “freedom” and “peace”—at least for many of the sprinters I have coached—have the effect I want on the relaxation but without the decrease in power.

Mood words are one way I attempt to influence performance, but it’s not the only way. There are many times I have longer conversations about mechanics that a few words don’t sufficiently cover.

Finally, I have two words of advice when it comes to using mood words:

  1. Like all coaching instructions, mood words are contextual. They depend upon your own experiences, the experiences of the athlete(s) you are working with, their sport, their technical objectives, etc.
  2. While mood words have been shown to improve performance, that is very different from improving learning. Coaches would do well to understand this difference in depth.

Freelap USA: You’ve talked about preferring to home in on and accentuate an athlete’s strengths and being wary of focusing too much on targeting weaknesses lest those efforts in some way compromise the unique abilities that are the athlete’s gift in the first place. If, however, a weakness you identify is on the mental side, when and how do you go about trying to further develop that psychological component to lift that quality to balance out with the level of their physical, technical, and tactical abilities?

Stuart McMillan: I feel that the “mental side” of sport continues to be most challenging to most coaches of elite athletes.

As to your question—we first need to understand what we mean by “mental weakness.” One of my pet peeves is coaches who blame performance on an athlete, using such terms and phrases as “head case,” “mentally weak,” “choker,” etc.

Often, it’s just coaches passing the buck.

The best coaches are the ones who understand how all the many systems of the body interact with each other. They appreciate that coaching is the ultimate generalist profession.

The best coaches understand how all the many systems of the body interact with each other. They appreciate that coaching is the ultimate generalist profession, says @StuartMcMillan1. Share on X

This means we have to know quite a lot about quite a lot.

Sometimes, we can be blinded to the totality of the sport performance system by the specific lens through which we look at performance: the classic “if all we have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.”

And sometimes, rather than stretching out and learning things we don’t know, we stick to what we are comfortable with.

Because the “mental side” of sport is so challenging, many coaches just throw their hands in the air and give up. But the mental side is the essence of coaching.

Stu Athletes
(All photos courtesy of Lynwood Robinson).

Our jobs rely on the athletes we coach believing what we tell them, believing in the work we ask them to do, and believing in themselves. This is something that I don’t look at separately from other parts of the program, but instead concurrently.

The stability of a motor skill is arousal-dependent: meaning, just because an athlete has stabilized a skill at a low level of arousal doesn’t mean it is stable at higher levels. Coaches often confuse technique with skill and underestimate the effect that arousal has on skill. A technique is the application of the sport-specific ability without context, while a skill is the application of the sport-specific technique in context.

For example, while a solo block start in training might require the same technique as a block start in a competition, they are not the same skill—as they have very different contexts and very different amounts of information.

As information increases, complexity rises, and the level of arousal increases.

So, if an athlete can do a great block start by themselves in training, and they don’t when it comes to race time, I understand the desire to term this “choking”…but that’s overly simplified—and actually inaccurate.

Part of our job as coaches is to ensure we prescribe training that appropriately stresses the level of expertise that an athlete currently has. Progression comes from setting up challenges that are just outside of an athlete’s comfort zone and then helping them to rise to them and overcome them.

My friends Brad Stulberg and Steve Magness put it perfectly: stress + rest = growth.

In their book Peak Performance, they write about the “grey zone,” where we either don’t rest well enough or don’t stress ourselves enough. If the stress is too high (or the rest too small), then the athlete won’t be able to meet the challenge. If the stress is too low (or the rest is too great), then there is no challenge at all—and no growth.

I think if coaches begin to take a more holistic approach to coaching—where they treat all systems not as independent of each other but as interacting parts that are interdependent on each other—they will begin to see that “mental weakness” doesn’t exist in and of itself. Instead, it is a matter of prescribing the right amount of work at the right time: just like all training.

In my own program, I work toward an athlete’s comfort. I organize my training to try to take advantage of an athlete’s strengths—spending more time on what an athlete struggles with earlier in the training season compared to what they are better at later on.

During the pre-competitive and competitive parts of the season, I want the athlete to feel good—confident and comfortable in their abilities—so I don’t push the boundaries with the challenges; if they’re not ready, they’re not ready.

We will take our licks and live to fight another day.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Female Weightlifter

Misconceptions on Women in Weightlifting

Blog| ByNicole Foley

Female Weightlifter

In strength and conditioning, various silos host more misconceptions than others and none more heavily debated than the ones surrounding women in resistance training and weightlifting.

Biology and human movement have been studied for centuries, but there are those who continue to think that weightlifting will cause infertility in women. Other misconceptions are more perspective-based, like the opinions that being strong isn’t feminine or that there is a higher risk of injury. In this article I will take you through these three common misconceptions that women—specifically in Olympic weightlifting—are often told and explain why they aren’t true.

#1. Reproductive Health

The risk of infertility is one of the most common reasons I hear about why women shouldn’t lift heavy weights. In some cases, when doctors learn of a female patient’s new training plan, they are met with the caution “don’t go too heavy,” citing the notion that it can disrupt their hormones and lead to reproductive issues.

Infertility is something many women struggle with, and it shouldn’t be taken lightly. Hormone production—specifically estrogen and testosterone—increase and decrease throughout the various phases of a woman’s cycle. The amount that is produced depends on the lifestyle and health history of the individual. And yes, exercise, especially heavy weightlifting, does play a role in hormone production as well.

Coaches should be familiar with the female triad: menstrual dysfunction, low caloric intake, and low bone mineral density. This is a dangerous form of exercise-induced amenorrhea, which can lead to poor hormone production and cause ovulation and fertility issues if unaddressed. A woman should not lose their period for months or years on end—but, lifting heavy is not a singular cause. Women who alter their menstrual cycle to this degree tend to have a low bodyfat percentage and are often malnourished, continuing to undereat while enduring strenuous hours of training.

Olympic weightlifting demands adequate nutrition to fuel the body in preparation for intense training days. The energy expenditure demanded in this sport does not allow for a woman to train in a deficit over a long period of time. The exception is a weight cut in preparation for a competition (and in this instance, the deficit wouldn’t be long enough to eliminate the menstrual cycle entirely). A weightlifter’s goal is never to see how low they can get their bodyfat percentage. Sure, there are weightlifters with lower bodyfat percentages than others, but due to the nature of the sport, that is a byproduct of that specific athlete.

Olympic weightlifting demands adequate nutrition to fuel the body in preparation for intense training days, says @nicc__marie. Share on X

Social Conversation
Image 1. Screenshot of a conversation from Facebook.

Incontinence, although not specifically related to fertility, is commonly seen in women and is caused by a weak pelvic floor. From Olympic weightlifters to marathon runners to the sedentary woman, this issue is far more common than women realize. More importantly, there is something that can be done. Incontinence is not as simple as “do more Kegels.” The pelvic floor muscles work in conjunction with the diaphragm and often it can be a breathing and bracing issue that is causing the pelvic floor muscles to relax at the wrong time. Just like you can train your quadriceps to get stronger, the diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles can be retrained to prevent incontinence.

Just like you can train your quadriceps to get stronger, the diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles can be retrained to prevent incontinence, says @nicc__marie. Share on X

Women’s health is a growing field and physical therapists are beginning to study how to help their patients work to strengthen their pelvic floor muscles, engage their diaphragm, and help them work together. Bracing is another cause for concern if done incorrectly. Athletes often assume bracing means to bear down and squeeze their insides even though this is an incorrect way to brace and can be a cause of incontinence—I promise you this will not cause your uterus to fall out. Gravity will not take over and suck it out (yes that is something a woman was told).

2. Strong Isn’t Feminine

Some people don’t view women who appear strong and muscular as being feminine. Although this misconception might be more of a poor perception, it is interesting that women are still shamed into believing this. First off, women have always been strong creatures, enduring childbirth long before epidurals and hygienic delivery conditions were available. In the modern era, women have been proving that they can be strong and develop strength just as men can. They do not need a “female” catered workout to help them get stronger.

Strong = Feminine
Image 2. Strong=Feminine.

The strength and power phase parameters are the same among males and females. It’s also important to recognize that strength is shown in females of all shapes and sizes.

There are some women who don’t wish to look as defined or muscular as others. There is nothing wrong with this, but women shouldn’t be shamed for wanting to appear more muscular either. It does not make them any less of a woman. It is important to understand that if you don’t want that to happen, it won’t happen.

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the muscular development and appearance for both women and men to obtain a certain physique. There is a discipline involved to become that lean, but it is not something that is required in Olympic weightlifting. I have worked with dozens of nationally competitive weightlifters in every weight class and watched their bodies change in and out of competition season.

Strength training will highlight their musculature because it will increase testosterone production, which in turn effects muscular tone and size. However, the visual difference that manifests when they are in a weight cut and preparing for competition, versus an out of competition training cycle, is based largely on nutritional discipline. The “shredded” or “lean” appearance that many will gawk at is a product of macro counting and a reduction of bodyfat and water in order to reach their competitive weight.

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the muscular development and appearance for both women and men to obtain a certain physique, says @nicc__marie. Share on X

“Bulky” is a common term that gets thrown around, but people need to understand that they are in control of that component. Sure, genetics will play a role due to natural hormone levels, but for the everyday female weightlifter, stop thinking that lifting anything over 15 pounds is going to turn you into Arnold Schwarzenegger—it won’t!

Women in Weightlifting
Image 3. Collage of female weightlifters (included in the array are photos courtesy of Stephen Quick Photos, Justin Blake, Lifting Life, and 6/6 Media).

That’s the beauty of this sport: you can compete wherever your body feels comfortable sitting. You can control the amount of muscle size you gain and the amount of bodyfat you shed. From the casual weightlifter who incorporates the lifts into her training, to the competitive athlete within the various weight classes, all female weightlifters look different. There is no one mold to fit to be an Olympic weightlifter. In fact, some women have to eat to fill out a certain weight class or compete heavier than they normally sit (for example, Mattie Rogers at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics).

And unless you have an opportunity to compete at a national or international level, major weight cuts should be the furthest thing from your mind. I know that might ruffle a few feathers, but I will die on that hill. Unless a qualifying total is in reach, it literally doesn’t matter. Go lift weight and have fun.

To another end, if a woman decides she doesn’t want to continue with an intense training lifestyle, it’s okay to transition out of it. A woman’s muscles will not simply turn to fat the minute they stop lifting heavy (yes, someone was once told this.) Muscles atrophy, they don’t transform into something different. The important thing to take away is that as this sport grows and athletes such as Kate Nye, Jordan Delacruz, Meredith Alwine, and Sarah Robles continue to claim their rightful place in the history of strength sports, they will continue to inspire the next generation of young females. Strong can be anything you want it to be, and it most certainly is feminine.

#3. Risk of Injury

What is probably the biggest misconception revolving around Olympic weightlifting is the dangers and risk of injury due to the technical demands of the lifts—and this is true for men and women. The research has been done, and as long as it is supported by proper coaching and programming, Olympic weightlifting is no more dangerous that contact sports. The severity of an injury will vary, but the likelihood of those catastrophic injuries occurring is much greater in more traditional sports.

The research has been done, and as long as it is supported by proper coaching and programming, Olympic weightlifting is no more dangerous than contact sports, says @nicc__marie. Share on X

Olympic weightlifters are taught how to properly miss a lift. The athlete has more control of their surroundings and movement patterns without having to respond or react to another person; meanwhile, traditional sports will see more acute injuries from a quick traumatic event where force or pressure couldn’t be managed. Weightlifters are more likely to experience chronic injuries from repetitive forces or tissue overuse. These injuries are much less severe and require a shorter time away from training. More importantly, when diagnosed and managed, the tissue can clear up and future issues can be minimal.

As it relates to women, there are misconceptions that heavy loads will be more damaging to a woman’s bone health and soft tissues due to more laxity in the connective structures. Women commonly struggle with calcium and vitamin D deficiencies and are more likely to develop osteoporosis and arthritis. But consider Wolff’s Law: the stress applied to the bone creates more durability. Lifting heavy will improve bone densification. Women do tend to have more laxity in their connective tissues; and, yes, too much mobility without proper stability and control can be dangerous. But the same way an athlete can train to be more mobile, an athlete can train to be more stable.

In either case, if the Olympic lifts are something you are interested in trying and safety is a concern, that’s okay. Reach out to a coach for knowledge and guidance to help you understand the lifts in relation to your body.

Ask the Right Questions

Whether the basis is biological, physical, or technical, misconceptions will continue to surround women in Olympic weightlifting. What’s important is that there are more women who are willing to call BS on it all! Remember to do your research and ask questions.

We are learning more and more about exercise and health as it relates to women every day. And if we can stop gaslighting with these misconceptions to scare women off and into a poor relationship with a cardio machine, then we might end up with some incredible generations of lifters in the future.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


TCU Speed

4 Common Errors with Training Speed in Team Sport Athletes

Blog| ByZach Dechant

TCU Speed

Training for speed should be a non-negotiable for any team sport athlete. There are big mistakes still being made in training for speed, however. Once they’re corrected, it can springboard your athlete’s development.

1. Training Speed After Lifting

The biggest mistake I continually see in training is trying to do speed work following lifting. There are four primary reasons that this becomes a problem.

1. Athletes need near maximal speeds to develop that quality.

    • To raise the ceiling of maximal velocity, speed training requires the body to be fresh from fatigue.

Why?

    • Developing speed is highly intensive and demanding on the nervous system. The faster the athlete, in fact, the more demanding it is. Lifting creates fatigue—impulses sent through the nervous system between the brain and muscular system don’t move as fast when fatigue is present.

Lifting not only fatigues the CNS but also creates damage to the muscle fiber itself. Tired and damaged muscles don’t have the ability to contract and relax at the speeds necessary to develop the quality of maximal speed. Valuable training time and energy are spent trying to run fast without being able to do it.

2. Heavy lifting beforehand creates a tension-filled training session.

    We’ve all left the weight room with that tight, blood-filled, muscled-up feeling. Top end speed relies on the ability to stay relaxed. Reactivity is a key ability in elite-level sprinters. It is the ability of the muscle to cycle through contraction and relaxation. That happens faster when athletes are relaxed in motion, not when they are tight and tense following a heavy weight session.

3. The risk of hamstring injuries following a fatiguing lifting session rises exponentially.

    It doesn’t take a genius to understand the risk to the hammies after you’ve done heavy sets of five on the RDL before sprinting. The faster the athlete, the greater the risk. They don’t take thoroughbreds off the plow just prior to running in the Derby.
The risk of hamstring injuries following a fatiguing lifting session rises exponentially… They don’t take thoroughbreds off the plow just prior to running in the Derby, says @ZachDechant. Share on X

4. Field work such as sprinting should be the priority with all team sport athletes because that truly is their sport…sprinting on a court or field.

    They don’t lift a barbell or bench press on the field/court. Lifting should always be supplemental to the movement patterns and speeds that are in the game.

CNS fatigue from highest to lowest should dictate the order of training. To maximize training, movements that happen at high speeds should be early in the training sessions when athletes are freshest. The order that we use is as follows:

Dechant CNS Demand
Figure 1. The order of training should be dictated by CNS fatigue from highest to lowest and the speed of movements from fastest to slowest.

2. Not Giving Enough Rest Between Reps

To get the desired training effect of speed development, rest intervals become critical. Too little rest between sprints and fatigue begins to accumulate, causing quality to diminish. When it comes to speed training, QUALITY is the most important aspect. Coaches often see the low volumes and long rest periods as not hard enough and eliminate proper rests.

There are many ways we can fill the rest intervals to have the appearance of being busy. Joey Guarascio has a great article on SimpliFaster detailing his approach to team speed training. Waterfall starts are an idea he discusses that we have used for many years. These not only allow us to view each athlete’s rep individually, but they take up more time as well. That extra time adds up to longer rests and higher-quality work.

A great benefit that rarely gets talked about is each athlete gets to watch their teammate’s previous rep. We all know that teaching is best done through watching, listening, and doing. Watching the previous athletes perform the movement and get coached adds another level of development for each person waiting in line.

A second method we’ve utilized to enhance rest times is super setting non-competing work like medball throws and/or jumps. Our athletes perform their sprint, then walk to another area of the field and perform a few reps of a medball throw variation or jump variation. The long walks between stations add to recovery time, while adding in throws/jumps allows us to attack another issue.

Developing speed is not meant to be extremely fatiguing on the muscular and cardiovascular systems. Athletes should not be tired when training to get fast, says @ZachDechant. Share on X

Developing speed is not meant to be extremely fatiguing on the muscular and cardiovascular systems. Athletes should not be tired when training to get fast. Mental toughness does not apply during speed training, although many coaches make the mistake of cutting rest times because it’s “too easy.”

The ideal guidelines that we have traditionally tried to follow are one minute per 10 yards of distance. A 40-yard sprint requires four minutes of rest prior to another sprint.

This becomes incredibly difficult within the time parameters that team sports must currently follow at the collegiate and high school levels. In essence, we have modified those original parameters to fit our needs. The modified rest parameters that we currently use include a leisurely walk back to the start along with a short rest when there.

Speed Rest Intervals
Figure 2. Team sport athletes at the high school and collegiate levels often don’t have the luxury of one minute of rest per 10 yards of distance, so we’ve made these modifications to our rest parameters.

Shorter distances from 5-20 yards aren’t as demanding on the nervous system as longer full-speed sprints, so we have more freedom in rest periods. The key is to make sure athletes have not only caught their breath but feel restored before the next rep begins. The ultimate goal is speed development, not just running, so restoration means attaining the highest possible velocity in the next rep. When it comes to speed and acceleration development, quality over quantity always.

3. Not Consolidating Like Stressors

On the topic of rest and recovery comes consolidating stressors during the week. The best way to ensure recovery for training sessions is to organize training and practices properly. That means organizing high-intensity elements together and low-intensity elements together.

All too often, the silos of sports performance override this. The weight room is programmed separately from sport practices, with each coach having their own agenda. When we don’t have high-output days surrounded by either rest or low-intensity days throughout the week, fatigue accumulates. When fatigue accumulates, intensity/maximal outputs suffer, injury risk goes up, and performance gains cease to exist. For ultimate athlete health and performance, all areas need to be aligned holistically.

This applies not only in the weight room, but in sport practice as well. Not adhering to this model between ALL training comes at a cost. If sport practices and training don’t consolidate stress, athletes rarely get a chance to recover. Between sport practices and training, it’s not unusual for athletes to experience high-intensity sessions every day when we don’t adhere to a holistic model.

Weekly Plan
Figure 3. All coaches must be on the same page when it comes to a weekly plan so that athletes don’t have high-intensity sessions every day of the week. Consolidating all stressors throughout the week is a must for recovery.

It’s not uncommon to see the above example on a weekly basis for team sport athletes. Coaches believe that to get better, they must attack each element with high intensity on alternating days. The thought process of why can’t we train with high intensity when we have a high-intensity practice day exists. The inherent problem that this creates is when do the athletes have a chance to recover? This is why sport/skill coaches and performance staff must all be on the same page with the weekly plan. Consolidating ALL stressors throughout the week is a must for recovery.

We must keep in mind that athletes do not just experience stress in sport. Stress is holistic for all aspects of life, and we must program accordingly, says @ZachDechant. Share on X

We must keep in mind that athletes do not just experience stress in sport. Stress is holistic for all aspects of life, and we must program accordingly.

4. Believing Submaximal Training Has No Role

Athletes don’t break PRs every single time they train. The intent may be maximal but realized intensity as a percentage of their absolute best may fall just short. By nature, if they aren’t breaking PRs, then their training is submaximal.

Regardless of semantics, that’s not the submaximal I’m referencing in this instance. We’re talking about one click underneath maximal intent. I would classify most maximal intent sprints at 96%+ and submaximal speed work in the 88%–95% range. Many people think submaximal sprint training is a waste of time. Earlier in my career, I would have agreed. However, thanks to ALTIS and Stu McMillan, I’ve come to realize there are benefits to submaximal speed training.

Sprinting—and especially maximal velocity sprinting—is a skill. As such, that skill often needs to be refined and/or altered. Any skill is difficult to change or refine when performing it at absolute intensity.

Certain drills can play a role in decreasing maximal intensity and helping to build technical proficiency, including:

  • Wickets.
  • PVC runs.
  • MB runs.
  • Technical buildups.

These drills are generally performed at submaximal velocities, either because of the constraints of the drill or purposely at lower intensities to allow for skill enhancement.

For real-world evidence, look no further than a recent study done by Jurdan Mendiguchia: “Can We Modify Maximal Speed Running Posture? Implications for Performance and Hamstring Injury Management.” The study aimed to examine whether a specific, six-week intervention of combining lumbopelvic control and running technique exercises could induce changes in pelvic kinematics at maximal speed and improve sprint performance.

The results of the study speak for themselves. Not only did the researchers have success showing that they could refine and improve maximal velocity mechanics, but they also had significant decreases in time, resulting in improved performance.

The way in which they achieved their results is what we’re after here. In the technical warm-up for a training day, the study used traditional drills that many coaches use on a regular basis with their athletes. These included variations of the A-series and dribbles. The main portion of the sprint training, derived at maximal outputs, included many drills and again dribble variations. These drills give credence to the fact that submaximal speed training can be very useful for speed gains.

Creating Adaptations

Following a few key principles with speed development will create a better chance for your athletes to create specific adaptations:

  1. Order training from fastest to slowest.
  2. Quality is the most important variable, which means optimal rest times in training sessions.
  3. Consolidate stressors (both on and off the field).
  4. Use the range of opportunities to develop speed submaximally.

Lead photo by Juan DeLeon /Icon Sportswire.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF

References

Dechant, Zach. Movement over Maxes: Developing the Foundation for Baseball Performance. 2018.

Mendiguchia J, Castaño A, and Jimenez-Reyes P, et al. “Can we modify maximal speed running posture? Implications for performance and hamstring injuries management.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. July 2021. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0107

Unilateral Misconceptions

5 Unilateral Training Misconceptions

Blog| ByMike Boyle

Unilateral Misconceptions

“Almost every significant breakthrough in the field of scientific endeavor is first a break with tradition, with old ways of thinking, with old paradigms.” – Stephen R. Covey

The concept of unilateral training continues to gain greater mainstream acceptance every year. In 2009, when I sarcastically said, “bilateral squatting is dead,” I was laughed at. To understand that reaction, we can turn to German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, who proposed the idea of three stages of truth:

Stage 1: Ridicule – When I began to espouse my thoughts on unilateral training in the early 2000s, most strength coaches simply made fun of me: I was soft. I was not a good enough coach. If I were a better coach, my athletes wouldn’t have back pain. Many said this even though they silently suffered with back pain themselves.

I was ignored by many but continued to build a following. The “meathead” crowd simply laughed at me, up until they realized that lots of coaches were listening to my message. That’s when the attacks really started. Conventional, bilaterally oriented coaches questioned my character, my motivation, and even my coaching skills because…

Stage 2: Opposition – As more coaches listened, thought, and experimented, the old guard became nervous. This was when the negative YouTube videos started, and I was invited to debate the old go heavy or go home crowd on podcasts. One clown on YouTube went so far as to say that my anti-squat stance meant that no one could ever use a toilet again. Others referred to me on their podcast as a p**sy. I was now portrayed as a salesman, hustling for likes, views, and customers. But I was still “anti-squat” because I couldn’t coach difficult-but-important lifts.

Stage 3:  Acceptance (or Self-evidence) – We are almost there, but not quite. The old powerlifting/football crowd is still firmly stuck in stage 2.

The reality is that we have found unilateral movements to be not only safer, but more effective, says @mboyle1959. Share on X

The reality is that we have found unilateral movements to be not only safer, but more effective. It’s important to note that we do continue to do bilateral power exercises (Olympic lifts and variations), as well as both unilateral and bilateral jumps, hops, and bounds. In addition, with healthy athletes, we continue to use trap bar or hex bar deadlifts.

What we don’t do are bilateral squats! So, let’s get to the misconceptions.

1. Unilateral Training Traffics in Likes, Clicks, and an Agenda

The number one misconception of unilateral training—particularly as it applies to me—is that I’ve advocated unilateral training in order to create controversy and further my career. That could not be further from the truth. In fact, nothing generates likes and views like telling a bunch of people what they want to hear. The man who thinks he is right loves affirmation. I could have generated far more approval through the years by simply catering to the status quo.

My agenda is attempting to help teams win and athletes stay healthy. In the interest of full disclosure, I do also sell information products—trust me, though, they do not represent a majority of my income. Additionally, I do not sell equipment. I do, however, work for an equipment company (I’m a speaker for Perform Better), but I have not ever been involved in equipment sales as a profession.

2. Unilateral Exercises Are Less Effective

I think one of the biggest misconceptions about unilateral exercises is that they are less effective than the bilateral versions. Like many of the misconceptions about unilateral training, this belief is generally put forth by those who don’t use unilateral exercises. I love people who insist something doesn’t work in one breath, but then proceed to mention that they have never tried said method.

The research reads differently. In the past five years, I have seen and read numerous studies that compare bilateral exercises (primarily squats) to unilateral exercises (primarily split squat variations). In almost every study, unilateral exercises were, at worst, equal to bilateral exercises in the areas studied.

If we can use a lift that is safer, uses less load, and provides the same result, doesn’t common sense tell us to do it?, asks @mboyle1959. Share on X

If we can use a lift that is safer, uses less load, and provides the same result, doesn’t common sense tell us to do it?

3. Unilateral Exercises Produce an Inferior Hormonal Response

Many of the bilateral defenders espouse the hormonal benefits of heavy bilateral lifting. The thought process seems to be that hormones have load receptors and that a load in a unilateral exercise is not recognized like a heavy bilateral load in an exercise like the back squat. I can’t tell you how often I have seen the hormonal response idea used to validate heavy bilateral lifting.

Although evidence exists that heavy lifting produces a positive hormonal response, there have been no studies that I know of on unilateral versus bilateral training in regard to hormones.

There is support for the idea of heavy lifting producing positive hormonal responses. There is also some data showing that unilateral and bilateral are similar in this regard.

4. You Use Less Weight in Bilateral Exercises

Are we soft or are we smart? In our “hardo” strength coach world, things like unilateral training or functional training are seen as soft. Real men and women use big loads in big exercises.

This is another misconception that shows the bilateral crowd’s lack of math skill. Most experienced unilateral lifters will expose the target muscles (glutes, quads, hamstrings, etc.) to far greater loads than what can be seen in bilateral exercises.  However, because coaches don’t multiply by two, the load is perceived as less. The key is to look at weight lifted per leg, not weight lifted. Alex Natera has done some excellent work to make this math easily understood.

What does not get exposed to higher loads is the spine. Take a look at some of the “Hatfield Squat” videos on the internet. I will 100% guarantee that the lifters in the videos are using far more than 50% of their best bilateral squat.

The load per leg in unilateral exercises can be much higher than in bilateral exercises. If we agree that the target of squats is the lower body, than this is very much in line with my “force transducer” argument from 2009.

I stated in 2009 that the back was a bad transducer (a transducer moves force from one area to another). The back is the transducer from the bar to the legs, and the reality is that it does a bad job. When the back fails, the failure often results in injury. If the target is not the back, why force the back to be the transducer at all? Why not allow the back to deal with half the load?

The back is not an effective vehicle to get force from a bar held on the back to two legs. That is just reality. The back becomes the limiting factor in squatting. That is not opinion; that is fact. You can watch hundreds of failed squats and you will rarely see the legs give out, while the torso remains solid and erect. I have competed in powerlifting and have watched literally thousands (maybe millions) of squats, and the vast majority of the time, failure occurs via a rapid lumbar flexion.

Frans Bosch states, “not only is the value of deep squats questionable, but so is the claim that double leg squats are particularly suitable for improving strength in the legs. Strength in the back muscles may be the limiting factor, rather than strength in the legs, and so double leg squats may in fact be a maximal strength exercise for the back muscles.”

5. Unilateral Exercises Are Fine…for Everything but American Football

Football strength coaches cling to the back squat for all the reasons above and probably a few more. Many strength coaches who do not have to deal with macho football coaches who grew up on back squats can easily switch to a unilaterally oriented program.

Any attempt to have a back-squat-less football program is immediately viewed as soft. One thing to try to remind sport coaches is that the most desirable ability in sports is availability. Great coaches understand that you win when your best players are playing!

Many strength coaches who do not have to deal with macho football coaches who grew up on back squats can easily switch to a unilaterally oriented program, says @mboyle1959. Share on X

Conclusion

I love the Henry Ford quote: “If I had listened to everyone else, I would have invented a faster horse.”

All I ask is that you give unilateral training a real try. So many of the opponents of unilateral training fight something they have never tried. Forget your bias. Forget what you like. Forget what your high school or college coach did. Give unilateral training an honest attempt.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


References

Speirs DE, Bennett M, Finn CV, and Turner AP. “Unilateral vs. Bilateral Squat Training for Strength, Sprints, and Agility in Academy Rugby Players.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015 Jul 11. (Epub ahead of print).

Sprint Training Acceleration

Viewing Training Through A Healthcare Lens

Blog| ByBrendan Thompson

Sprint Training Acceleration

Over the past several months, while researching different methods and systems for training, I’ve often landed on a home page explaining the ABCs of a given program. This would usually include a few action photos, a couple of catchy one liners, and some video examples: sprinting, jumping, lifting, and perhaps other standalone drills performed as part of a warm up or plyometric circuit.

Reading the comments and feedback from the consumers, I can tell that many of them are more enamored with the presentation and polarity of the program rather than the quality of the content. In other words, wrapping a philosophy up with a bow might make it look and sound great, but is it really doing what it claims? Additionally, does a philosophy holistically develop the athlete from the standpoints of speed, strength, agility, power, aerobic fitness, resilience, and technique? Or does it intentionally leave out certain aspects to pursue others ad nauseum? Are those aspects pursued at the potential risk of the athlete’s health and wellbeing? Are the right performance attributes being prioritized? How does each aspect in a given philosophy contribute or take away from performance?

These are a few of the questions in my mind when assessing any philosophy, whether in S&C, track and field, team sport development, academic study, or practical research—questions I don’t believe are thoroughly thought about nor addressed with enough intention.

Perfect Form for Lifts, but Not Sprints?

I currently run and operate a lone wolf, physical therapy clinic (one year) and athletic performance program (four years). When I am consuming information, working with physical therapy patients, or building programs, I often find myself switching and combining my roles and skillsets to help develop a more holistic picture of what is going on. Recently, most of the commotion on social media is generated around arbitrary outputs, whether it is lifting for max bar speed, max weight achieved, max sprint velocity, max effort, the list goes on.

In the presence of all of this max output, I find consistently that there’s rarely an emphasis on max technique, max finesse, max fitness, max resilience, or max strategic execution (outside of the weight room). Additionally, everyone is all about increasing speed reserve, but what about skill reserve? When I watch the videos, I am often in awe at how athletes at various levels can stay healthy while performing these exercises with blatant lapses in technique and posture, particularly in sprinting.

In the presence of all of this max output, I find consistently that there’s rarely an emphasis on max technique, max finesse, max fitness, max resilience, or max strategic execution. Share on X

I believe maximally performing sprints in this fashion creates ticking time bombs for various athletes in the form of injured hamstrings, shins, hip flexors, quads, feet, etc. Just as caution is demonstrated when overloading athletes in the weight room, I think it’s generally a good idea to allow technique to determine how often we push the limits in sprinting and other field-oriented activities (agility, deceleration, multi jumps, etc.) rather than forcing the output and hoping for the best.

This obsession with max outputs seems to have led many to forget that technique is often the limiting factor and that by solving the technical issue, the ceiling can be raised further in training density and in outputs. Ironing out the technical issues takes a skilled coaching eye and patience, as I’ve outlined in previous articles. In addition to identifying the technical flaw, the coach has to link it to injury risk so that they can make informed decisions with that athlete moving forward.

For example, when having an athlete squat in the weight room, most coaches would never have them put a bar on their back and ask them to max out if they have poor form. Why? Poor form shifts the concentration of stresses away from the desired muscles and towards more vulnerable muscles that aren’t ideal for bearing the brunt of the load in that given movement. Many coaches understand that this makes the athlete unnecessarily susceptible to injury and thus are typically on form patrol to ensure that doesn’t happen.

This obsession with max outputs seems to have led many to forget that technique is often the limiting factor, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

Acceptable form? Increase the weight. Sketchy form? Lower the weight. This concept is seemingly universally accepted and applied in the strength and conditioning community, most notably in the weight room. If the best ability is availability, why is sprinting treated differently?

Asking the Right Questions to Create Better Outcomes

When approaching training strictly from a performance standpoint, I often find myself watching and rewatching videos while looking for a set of qualities in the athlete or team, including:

  • Intent
  • Movement economy
  • Subjective strain
  • Other aspects of technique and execution

Along these lines, I start thinking about what I might change or reinforce. How might I cue them? What deficits do I see? What drills and other tasks might I give them to shift them to a better place on the mechanical spectrum?

These questions then begin to open up my physical therapy line of questioning. In the absence of a technical fix, what soft tissue structures are most likely vulnerable? What muscles are dominating this action and what tests might I perform to see if I’m right or wrong? Where are the major stresses occurring and why? Is there a reason for this compensatory pattern? What might my three biggest focuses be when building a preventative and corrective program for this athlete and why?

This is the type of internal dialogue I’m constantly having with myself to guide decision-making. It creates a cycle of using my physical therapy tools to help me design a performance program, while my performance tools often return the favor in helping me design a physical therapy program. Athletes are not simply performance machines where all that goes into performance is arbitrary output. Rather, they are a complex integration of psychology, biology, kinesiology, and other core sciences that make up the individual. Being complex organisms doesn’t mean that we have to expose the body to complex inputs, but rather simple inputs with strategic implementation that go well beyond being an arbitrary stimulus.

Athletes are not simply performance machines where all that goes into performance is arbitrary output. Share on X

Compare and Contrast: Sprinting vs Lifting

There is obviously a large difference between overloading a bar for a relatively unnatural movement sequence compared to maximally moving your own body weight in a rhythmic sprinting motion. A max squat and a max sprint only last a few seconds each, followed by substantial rest. Sprinting is a much more natural, (sometimes referred to as reflexive) motion than squatting and thus less likely to have the same magnitude of deficits as you may see in a squat.

Athletes have been running since their body allowed them to in early childhood development and the body has a way of self-organizing movement around its unique structure and function to get the task done. A coach can maximally sprint many in the general population without much risk, it just might not be fast. This is the side of the argument that says max sprinting is generally safer than max squatting, and I do agree that there is some validity to all of these points.

Let me paint a different picture, one that some may not consider when comparing the stimuli. Max weight room testing tends to be between 1 and 5 reps at a given weight (1RM, 3RM, 5RM,etc.), whereas a max sprint may be anywhere from 20-60+ reps (each foot strike is a maximal rep). In a typical sprint workout, you may accumulate that same amount of steps 4-10+ times. So overall, you’re accumulating 100s more maximal reps in repeated sprinting than in a max weight room test.

To take this a step further, a sound lifting program is maxing out 1-3 days per month at most. The majority of structured lifting occurs at submaximal loads, with max day being the reward for the athletes after a tough block of training. Maximal sprints are performed several times, sometimes 2 to 4 days per week. Over the course of the month, the athletes have performed anywhere from 8 to 16 days of maximal effort sprinting. This means the athlete has accumulated 1000s more maximal reps (remember each step is a max effort motion) worth of sprint work compared to maximal lifting.

Now we can consider velocity. The bar speed during max testing is likely <0.5m/s, whereas the center of mass may be moving between 7-11m/s during a maximal sprint. For perspective, that sprint velocity is at least 14-22x faster than the bar speed expressed during max testing. Additionally, each step of a sprint may create ground reaction forces up to 5x the athlete’s bodyweight. While a max lift may have similar ground reaction forces, the discrepancy of 1-5 reps compared to several sets of 20-60 reps (steps) for sprinting shows that the cumulative stresses the body endures with sprinting over a session will far exceed that of a typical max lifting session.

Each step of a sprint may create ground reaction forces up to 5x the athlete’s bodyweight, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

When thinking about overload and wear and tear, is the athlete more likely to sustain an injury pushing their body to the limit in weights during max week once every month or two, or during regularly programmed max effort sprints that they do all the time? How does technique amplify or minimize this?

This isn’t to say don’t sprint or that either exercise is superior to one another; it is more to conceptualize that max sprinting potentially induces far more stresses to the body than max lifting and that if coaches are wary of max lifting when someone has bad form, they should be equally or more cautious with max sprinting someone with hazardous technique too frequently.

The Concept of Skill Reserve

As mentioned before, speed reserve is often pursued endlessly along with a variety of other max outputs, sometimes at the expense of the skill that goes into those outputs. Speed reserve is the idea that the faster an athlete is at max output, the faster that athlete will be when operating in a submax capacity or under fatigue. It will be easier for them to achieve, carry, and repeat higher submaximal speeds than their slower counterparts.

Now I’ll spin this into a related concept that we will call skill reserve, efficiency reserve, technical reserve, etc. The more skilled, efficient, or technical somebody is when operating at max capacity, the more skilled, efficient, or technical they will be when operating in a submax capacity and under fatigue. This concept can be applied in a multitude of ways across sports, work, life, and other tasks.

Every sprint is an opportunity to build efficiency, coordination, power, relaxation, finesse, rhythm, and more. This is what makes sprinting potent. It is not the simple fact that the outputs produced are difficult to match anywhere else; more so, it is the combination of attributes and energy systems working together in synchrony that stress the body in a variety of ways that very few exercises can (if any).

Every sprint is an opportunity to build efficiency, coordination, power, relaxation, finesse, rhythm, and more. Share on X

As a workout wears on, the body must also learn how to operate under fatigue to maintain a level of proficiency to complete the task. If a fresh athlete has poor mechanics and an associated higher mechanical susceptibility to injury, that same athlete—when operating under fatigue—will multiply that risk by some factor as their mechanics exponentially deteriorate with each additional rep.

The body actively copes with the stresses induced on it during a workout and will compensate accordingly. If the task at hand is to get from A to B as fast as possible and the body is nearing a breaking point, it will sacrifice coordination and rhythm in the name of speed to achieve this goal. To see this in action, look no further than the final 100m of the 400m dash or 400m hurdles; watch the last 200m of the 800m or the final lap of the mile. The athletes that break down the most also tend to decelerate the most, oftentimes costing them a spot in the final or a medal on the podium.

In the context of team sports, as fatigue sets in with an athlete, watch how sloppy their quality of play becomes. Uncharacteristic turnovers, bad throws, poor shooting, giving up plays they typically wouldn’t—the more flawed a given skill is when fresh, the more that skill will deteriorate under fatigue.

In contrast, the most skilled athletes when fresh will still be operating at a technical level head and shoulders above their opponents and peers when working under fatigue. Watch a local high school conference championship and compare the 8th place runner with the first place runner in how they look when battling throughout the race. Next, compare that experience to watching Olympians battle it out where the skill discrepancy is far less than at the high school level.

There’s a certain grace to elite performance that is often overshadowed by their brilliant performances and otherworldly outputs. Unless an athlete is at a certain standard of excellence already, it is extremely difficult to work on the skilled aspects of performance when operating in top gear all the time. It takes skill to demonstrate grace while operating at maximal outputs, and ultimately this balance is what leads many to expressing their optimal performance when it matters: competition.

There’s a certain grace to elite performance that is often overshadowed by their brilliant performances and otherworldly outputs, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

To add to the concept of skill reserve, it is helpful to revisit the idea of how fatigue impacts performance. While two athletes may have identical skill levels, the athlete who is more resilient to that fatigue will ultimately express that skill competency much longer than the athlete who is susceptible to fatigue and breakdown. Additionally, when comparing two athletes, an athlete with greater skill may outperform an athlete with lesser skill for a period of time.

But if the more skilled athlete has a susceptibility to fatigue that the athlete with lesser skill doesn’t, the skilled athlete may eventually perform worse than the less skilled athlete as a game or competition wears on. This is why it’s generally good to train holistically, as it addresses every aspect of the game rather than a select few attributes that may only last for a short period of time.

Applying Skill Reserve to a Training Program

To bring things full circle now and apply this concept to sprinting, it’s helpful to revisit the weight room equivalent. When developing form, technique, and precision for someone in the weight room, is it best to practice with max or submax loads? In other words, is the athlete operating near their max when working on technique, or with a weight that is manageable that they feel they have good control over?

The answer here is simple: the manageable weight. As the athlete demonstrates mastery at said weight, they’re allowed to graduate to the next weight to continue challenging their body under harsher conditions. Once they’ve demonstrated a level of competency that seems to prove to you that their form will only falter when they’ve encountered a weight that is too heavy, it becomes easier for a coach to allow them to test the waters of where their current ceiling may be because it is not as big of a perceived risk as it was before.

Applying this type of progression to sprinting is difficult. Athletes demonstrate different mechanics at submaximal and maximal speeds that don’t seem to mirror each other as much as might be preferred. An athlete may look like they’re jogging during tempo and like they’re fighting for their life when going all out. With sprinting, I tend to take a reverse approach to the weight room squatting example. Rather than starting them off jogging and whatever else, I want to get an idea of what they look like when they sprint first and go from there. Does it appear forced? Rushed? Weak? Exaggerated? Awkward? Hazardous?

Athletes demonstrate different mechanics at submaximal and maximal speeds that don’t seem to mirror each other as much as might be preferred. Share on X

After a quick video assessment, I’m able to see what their immediate needs are and correct them with cues. The athlete then takes these cues and does another max sprint (or several). If they appear to be struggling with the changes at max effort, it is time for submax reps for practice. Take the timer away, take the arbitrary distances away, and let them experiment with the cues where they feel most comfortable and have a sense of control.

Repetition for these athletes will be their best friend in making meaningful changes. As a coach, it is important to problem-solve to find a way for the cues to click for them. This can be achieved by exposing the athletes to a wide variety of feedback, constructive drills, and positive reinforcement. Once an athlete has reached this point, I spend a large portion of time addressing these factors each session and then periodically letting them test the waters with what they’ve learned. I dial the sprinting back for the same reason we start athletes with lighter weights in the weight room: they need to be under control to make necessary adjustments.

I dial the sprinting back for the same reason we start athletes with lighter weights in the weight room: they need to be under control to make necessary adjustments, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

Patients that exhibit movement faults in my clinic don’t tend to respond well when the exercise is graded too high. Take, for example, a patient with a hip drop and the posterior gluteus medius not doing its job during the gait cycle. If I start them on a difficult exercise that exceeds their capacity for controlling the hip drop, the likelihood of that particular exercise improving the gait fault is slim to none.

So, it’s necessary to grade down to the nearest level where they demonstrate control, but still challenge them. As they demonstrate competency in the exercises or tasks I’ve given them, they can dip their toes in the water of more demanding tasks for better carryover and eventually conscious manipulation of the task I am trying to correct—in this case focused gait training with typical circumstances (variable surfaces, variable grades, distractions, stairs, differing speeds, etc.).

I look at sprinting and other training the same way. If I see faults at X-intensity that the athlete can’t consciously correct, the likelihood I can make meaningful mechanical changes at that intensity is low. Grading that level of sprinting down to a lesser intensity and searching for the sweet spot of controlled yet challenging will yield greater benefits to the athlete from a technical standpoint. In similar fashion, as they demonstrate some competency, it’s great to graduate the athlete to the next level or allow them to experiment with their new skills at max output to see if the carryover is there. If it is, awesome! If not, it’s my job to figure out why and what I can do about it.

Training is one big experiment with each athlete I encounter: finding what works for whom, when to implement it, and to what degree while continuing to assess strengths, weaknesses, and how I can continue to holistically build the athlete throughout.

Training is one big experiment with each athlete I encounter, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

Submax, Tempo, and Technical Mastery

I know up to this point it probably seems like I am against max sprinting but I most definitely am not. As a high level sprinter who has been exposed to long, slow training and short, fast training, I know there is a balance that must be struck to achieve optimal results. Too long and too slow builds the aerobic system more and won’t develop fast twitch fibers to the degree they need to reach the speed ceiling.

Conversely, too much short, fast training will yield a very explosive athlete who may not have the gas tank to repeat performance or even sustain a highly technical performance for a single repetition. Breakdown may happen prematurely, and as mentioned earlier, technique decay increases injury susceptibility, especially at maximal outputs.

Technique decay increases injury susceptibility, especially at maximal outputs, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

I am a big fan of maximal sprinting and a big fan of technical training, whether through tempo, drills, or submaximal sprinting. Many of you may be reading this and thinking submax sprinting and tempo are the same thing. By definition, submax just means anything under an all-out effort, so yes, tempo is technically submax sprinting—but I differentiate the two.

I look at submax sprinting as dialing the thermostat back from 100, to 99, 98, 97, etc. until I find the point at which the athlete can still run extremely fast while sustaining control. It looks and feels like a sprint, but without operating with the pedal to the metal. Conversely, tempo is a much slower, controlled, rhythmic type of run that helps the athlete learn how much effort they need to give to hit x pace, minimizing strain, and maximizing repetitions. Athletes that display control with tempo and submax sprinting tend to show some level of carryover in their skill mastery when resuming max sprinting.

The transitory period between submax technical improvements and testing the waters in max sprint carryover varies from athlete to athlete. Some athletes may catch on fast and be ready to implement relatively quickly, others may take more time before seeing meaningful changes made in that domain. Athletes will progress at their own pace, with a tendency for novice athletes to take a bit longer than those with a higher training age and maturity. Additionally, athletes that have gone through a significant growth spurt recently will have difficulty developing that coordination in a timely manner, as their body must reform connections to catch up with its recent changes.

Athletes will progress at their own pace, with a tendency for novice athletes to take a bit longer than those with a higher training age and maturity. Share on X

Technical changes that need immediate intervention tend to stand out in a bad way on video. A short list might include:

  • Wild arm swing
  • Excessive trunk rotation
  • Lack of postural awareness
  • Degree and progression of body lean
  • Heel recovery
  • Foot strike
  • Hip and knee mechanics
  • Head control

Some reasons for fixing these items include:

  • Energy leakage
  • Efficiency
  • Power outputs
  • Excessive stress to soft tissues
  • Poor timing and sequencing
  • Excessive braking
  • Insufficient propulsion
  • Other factors that may lead to suboptimal performance and injury

Excessive casting of the knee in a sprint places the hamstring in a lengthened position and typically the most vulnerable position. Now imagine an athlete does this habitually over 1000s of steps over a training period. This is where the ticking time bomb I referenced earlier tends to come into play in the form of a hamstring tweak, pull, tear, tendinopathy, tendonitis, etc. The injured athlete must then go to their primary care provider, athletic trainer, physical therapist, and/or other supporting staff to help remedy the situation through rehab, training modifications, and other means.

In the absence of a meaningful technical change, the athlete will go back to sprinting the same way they did before and the likelihood of another injury to the same tissue is greatly increased. The process is likely to repeat itself again and again. If you do what you’ve done, you get what you’ve got.

If you do what you’ve done, you get what you’ve got, says @BrendanThompsn. Share on X

This is one of many examples to illustrate the cumulative stresses of sprinting and the cost of poor technique. It’s not to say that sprinting is inherently dangerous and needs to be avoided, it is more so to say that in the absence of technical coaching, a sprinter with poor technique may underperform, increase their risk of injury, and subsequently, battling that injury over time will lead to chronically underperforming and further injuries.

My career progression is a great example of this as my high school peak was 10.98s 100m and 22.41s 200m my senior year, which wasn’t much better than what I ran as a freshman in high school (11.12s/22.83s). I trained, but I never understood there was strategy in racing, value in technique, or levels to performance. I just went for it every single day and only ever knew one gear: GO.

After entering college, I shaved time consistently each season, eventually achieving 10.57s/21.18s, a sub-21.0s time trial in practice, a 46.2s 400m split, and a 9.4s split on an All-American 4x100m that ran 39.12s at the NCAA Division I Outdoor Championships. With the help of coach Joey Woody, I was able to mature as an athlete and really understand how to apply the skill that allowed me to progress the way I did. This led me to eventually have the most healthy and prosperous season of my career.

I’m a sample size of n=1, but I’ve personally witnessed athletes all over the country follow similar progressions. Learning sprint technique was career defining for me and it took me really dedicating myself to learning the art of sprinting to finally have my moment in track and field.

Taking it to the Track

In summary, the current state of training is heavily focused around arbitrary max outputs, particularly in sprinting, without the appropriate technical focus needed to balance and hone those max outputs. I have found success in sprinting 2 to 3 days per week for advanced sprinters, but the largest improvements I’ve seen in performance have been through technical training and changing the speed demands of sessions to balance output with requisite posture and technique. Being willing to take the time to identify technical faults and iron them out has been one of the hardest, yet most fulfilling changes I’ve made to my program. It should not be beneath someone to slow things down to work on these alterations.

Lessening the loads in the weight room to refine technique and control is intuitive, and sprinting is no different. A submax sprint, tempo running, or other methods for instilling technique have been some of my most fruitful uses of time to complement the output aspect of training. Going 90-95%, while less physically demanding, is extremely demanding from a technical perspective. The cognitive demand during the task makes the submaximal efforts more demanding because it is working against the athlete’s natural tendencies, requiring total concentration throughout.

Taking the time to experiment with different cues, drills, and demonstrations to help my athletes understand what they’re doing and what is expected has helped them piece together better tendencies and many eventually have massive breakthroughs in their performances, all while staying healthier along the way.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Sensorimotor ACL

Sensorimotor Contributions to ACL Injury

Blog| ByJason Avedesian

Sensorimotor ACL

ACL injuries receive a tremendous amount of attention at all levels of sport, and for good reason. It is estimated that 250,000 ACL injuries occur annually in the United States, representing approximately $2 billion in medical and rehabilitation costs.1 Many of these injuries occur in competitive athletes, with females demonstrating a particularly high risk for ACL injury in field- or court-based sports (e.g., soccer, lacrosse, basketball). The occurrence of a single ACL injury may result in many future complications, including reduced activity levels, cessation of sport participation, and a high risk for future ACL injuries.2

So, what do we currently know about ACL injury?

Without rehashing too much of a previous post on ACL mitigation strategies, most of the research and clinical practice has focused on biomechanical- and neuromuscular-based interventions. While these programs have been demonstrated to be successful3, the rates of ACL injuries are actually climbing in adolescents4 and remaining somewhat steady in professional athletes (figure 1).5

NFL ACL Data
Figure 1. NFL ACL and MCL injury data (5).

In this blog post, I share what we currently know about the sensorimotor contributions to ACL injury risk, as well as how we can utilize technology- and field-based training strategies to improve sensorimotor performance in our athletes.

*Author’s note: I define sensorimotor performance as the integration between perceptual sensory input (e.g., vision, hearing, touch) and biomechanical movement output (e.g., running, jumping, cutting, decelerating). There are varying definitions, but for the sake of clarity, this is my working definition for the remainder of the post.

A New View of ACL Injuries?

As you may know, many individuals—myself included—have devoted entire careers to understanding ACL injuries and strategies to mitigate this injury risk. My doctoral research examined the relationship between sports-related concussion and lower extremity/ACL injury risk in adolescent and collegiate athletes. With concussive injuries being classically defined by a temporarily altered sensorimotor state, I started to wonder how these attributes contributed to ACL injury (outside of athletes with a recent or past concussion history).

Previous research has identified biomechanical and neuromuscular contributors to ACL injury risk (dynamic knee valgus, quadriceps-to-hamstring strength ratio).6 However, this is not necessarily conclusive in all athlete populations.7,8 While it is outside the scope of this article to discuss the extreme complexity of ACL injury, my current research has led me to believe that perhaps we are somewhat ignoring another important contributor to ACL injury…the brain!

My current research has led me to believe that perhaps we are somewhat ignoring another important contributor to ACL injury—the brain, says @JasonAvedesian. Share on X

Ultimately, the central nervous system (we can generally think of this as the brain and spinal cord) is the central driver of biomechanical and neuromuscular control. Before getting into the actual research, I want to take you along a theoretical approach to how the brain and sensorimotor performance may contribute to ACL injury.

Adding the Brain and Sensorimotor Performance to the ACL Injury Risk Equation

Let’s first give some thought to the actual complexity of a dynamic sporting environment. Take, for example, a collegiate midfield soccer athlete performing in a very intense match. Some of the key sensorimotor attributes to successful performance and staying injury-free may include:

  1. Working memory and pattern recognition – Remembering and recognizing the opposition’s defensive scheme when in a certain position on the field.
  2. Dual-tasking – Receiving the ball from their teammate while scanning the field.
  3. Visual attention and multiple object tracking – Spatial recognition of the changing position of teammates and opponents.
  4. Reaction time and processing speed – Avoiding oncoming defenders.

All of this must be completed within hundreds of milliseconds! When viewed from this perspective, we truly take for granted the complexity of sporting environments (and how athletes can make their performances in them look rather “effortless”). Any movement performed on the field requires a complex interaction between the environment and athlete (we can think of this as sensorimotor integration).

Basically, any interaction an athlete makes with their environment is based upon three general concepts: the nature of the information, the complexity of the action to be performed, and the number of available response options (figure 2). Regardless of the task, movement behavior is a constantly evolving process constrained by time, space, and decisions (figure 2).

Athlete Environment
Figure 2. The complex interaction between the athlete and their environment.

What Does the Current Research Tell Us?

Much like examining movement biomechanics and muscular activity patterns, what if we could determine how an athlete’s central nervous system is performing? Luckily, researchers have initiated these studies in the hopes of quantifying sensorimotor performance as it relates to ACL injury risk. In this section, I will highlight some studies that have been conducted, along with areas for future research and sports science directions.

One of the first studies on the relationship between sensorimotor performance and ACL injury risk was conducted by Swanik and colleagues all the way back in 2007.9 In this study, the researchers collected preseason performance on a common concussion assessment (ImPACT) and then longitudinally tracked non-contact ACL injuries in a group of collegiate athletes. Compared to athletes of the same sport and position, athletes who sustained an in-season, non-contact ACL injury performed worse on all measures of the assessments, including reaction time, processing speed, and working memory.9

Follow-up studies in collegiate football athletes have demonstrated an association between worse visuo-motor reaction time and greater risk for non-contact lower extremity injury.10,11 A recent investigation from one of my colleagues (Dr. April McPherson of the USOPC) determined that individuals post-concussion are at a 1.6x greater odds for an ACL injury compared to those without a concussive injury history.12 Hot off the press last month, researchers determined that female lacrosse athletes are at a fivefold increased risk for ACL injury up to one year post-concussion.13

New-Figure 3
Figure 3. Relationship between visual-spatial performance and lower extremity injury in adolescent athletes.
Compared to more established biomechanical & neuromuscular data, quantifying the influence of sensorimotor performance on ACL injury risk is relatively lacking and still very much in its infancy. Share on X

Compared to more established biomechanical and neuromuscular data, quantifying the influence of sensorimotor performance on ACL injury risk is relatively lacking and still very much in its infancy. From what we do know so far, however, there are three brain areas that may be most influential to sensorimotor performance and, in turn, risk for ACL injury.

  1. Prefrontal cortex – Responsible for many roles, including information processing/filtering, executive function, and working memory performance.
  2. Thalamus – Acts as a relay of motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex for higher-level processing.
  3. Lingual gyrus – Responsible for visual perception and recognition of complex vision information.
Brain Regions
Figure 4. Brain regions that may be most influential to ACL injury risk.

My overall conclusion of the sensorimotor research to date is that athletes with relative deficits in sensorimotor performance may be more susceptible to ACL and lower extremity injuries during conditions of increased arousal (i.e., a sporting environment). While certainly more research is required (and there’s a lot of exciting work coming down the pipeline), we can at least begin to ask: how can we train the sensorimotor system?

Athletes with relative deficits in sensorimotor performance may be more susceptible to ACL and lower extremity injuries during conditions of increased arousal (i.e., a sporting environment. Share on X

Training the Sensorimotor System – Technological Advancements

Over the last decade, there have been some major advancements in “train the brain” technology. Devices and software such as sensory boards, reactionary light devices, stroboscopic eyewear, and virtual/augmented reality* attempt to target various sensorimotor performance attributes: visual spatial-attention and reaction time, working memory, pattern recognition, and multiple object tracking (figure 5). 

Sensorimotor Technology
Figure 5. Sensorimotor technology, including sensory boards (top left), stroboscopic eyewear (top right), and sports-specific virtual reality (bottom).

*Disclaimer: This blog post is not intended to be an endorsement of any one product. I am just sharing my personal experiences with these devices, along with some research-grade evidence to support their potential utility.

Before we decide to invest in new technology, let’s consider a recent paper from Hadlow and colleagues14 on the framework for utilizing sensorimotor technology (figure 6).

Sensorimotor
Figure 6. Conceptual framework for utilizing sensorimotor technologies (adopted from Hadlow, 2018 (14))

Based on the Hadlow model, there are three considerations when implementing new technology to train the sensorimotor system.

  1. Targeted Perceptual Function – The ability to discriminate between athletes of various skill levels (e.g., professional athletes should perform better than adolescent athletes).
  2. Stimulus Correspondence – Sensorimotor skill improvement should improve through targeted training (e.g., visual-spatial attention and processing speed should improve with stroboscopic eyewear training).
  3. Response Correspondence – Trained sensorimotor skills should translate to enhanced on-field performance and reduced injury risk.

Of these three factors, response correspondence is the least studied in the sports science literature. However, it offers plenty of opportunities for researchers and sports scientists to explore how current sensorimotor technology/training strategies influence performance and injury risk. In the next sections, I will take a deeper dive into a few of these sensorimotor technologies.

Sensory Board Technologies

Sensory board training devices have become a popular tool for assessing and training a variety of sensorimotor abilities. From a sports science standpoint, here are a few considerations to collect the most accurate data from these devices:

  1. Standardize the time of assessment – Sensorimotor performance can be affected by many internal and external stressors, including sleep quality15, anxiety levels16, fatigue17, and prior injury18. Therefore, longitudinal sensorimotor measures should be collected at the same time of day to minimize these effects. For example, it would not be ideal to collect a baseline preseason assessment at 6 a.m. and compare that to future assessments collected in the mid-afternoon during the season.
  2. Standardize board height and distance – Most existing sensory board technology is based upon upper extremity sensorimotor performance. During each assessment, athletes should be placed at standardized locations relative to their height and arm length to ensure accurate comparisons across time. This standardization will be helpful in minimizing effects on central and peripheral visual reaction time.
  3. Standardize attentional focus – This is the toughest standardization to implement without actual eye tracking technology. Devices such as Dynavision and Senaptec Sensory Station offer central fixation targets during certain sensorimotor assessments. It is important to instruct athletes to fixate on these targets, especially if the sports scientist or researcher is interested in collecting peripheral visual-spatial performance.

While sensory boards are a bit more costly than other sensorimotor technology, these devices can assess and train many important attributes such as eye-hand and eye-foot coordination, central and peripheral visual-spatial attention, multiple object tracking, working memory, and reaction time. Research indicates that worse performance on sensory boards is associated with greater risk for lower extremity injury in collegiate football athletes.19 Even if we do not have access to sensory board technologies, there are other options for assessing and training sensorimotor abilities.

Stroboscopic Eyewear

Stroboscopic technology within elite sport has been around for quite some time (check out this article dating back to MJ in his prime). Nowadays, the technology is very easy to use and implement within a sport and clinical setting (figure 7). The goal is to limit visual information by alternating between clear and opaque visual states while performing sport-specific activities. This technology may be particularly helpful for athletes who are over-reliant on vision (often the case in athletes during rehabilitation from lower extremity injury such as ACL20) by re-weighting sensory input to vestibular and somatosensory systems during dynamic postural control tasks.20

Stroboscopic Eyewear
Figure 7. Stroboscopic eyewear can be easily implemented within a sport or clinical setting.

There are several sensorimotor abilities that may be trained when using stroboscopic eyewear, including external attentional focus, visual-motor processing speed for enhanced visual efficiency, working memory, anticipatory trajectory estimation (e.g., ball flight, oncoming opponent), and transient visual attention.21,22 While this technology certainly requires more research and data, it appears that beneficial training effects may be seen in as little as three weeks.23

Virtual Reality

Sports-specific virtual reality (VR) is another up-and-coming technology that will begin to permeate through training environments. In one of my previous stops at the Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (in partnership with Cincinnati Children’s Hospital), the research team developed sports-specific scenarios integrated within biomechanical analysis to better understand ACL injury risk during more realistic conditions.

The utilization of VR for sensorimotor training comes with many potential benefits for practitioners and clinicians:

  1. VR offers fully immersive environments within clinical and/or laboratory settings for better replication of sports-specific demands.
  2. Practitioners gain the ability to simultaneous collect neuromuscular and biomechanical outcomes related to ACL injury risk during VR assessments.
  3. Similar to stroboscopic eyewear, utilizing VR may help an athlete transition from a predominately internal attentional focus to an external attentional focus during training.

Training the Sensorimotor System – Revisiting Technological Advancements

Overall, there are many emerging technologies that can be used to train the sensorimotor system. While the research and data still relatively lag clinical practice (spoiler: they usually do), there is certainly utility for all the previously discussed technologies. When revisiting the Hadlow framework14, it appears that stroboscopic eyewear and sports-specific VR may be the most effective devices for training, while sensory board technology may be best for standardized assessments and monitoring change over time (figure 8).

Stroboscopic eyewear & sports-specific VR may be the most effective devices for training, while sensory board technology may be best for standardized assessments and monitoring change over time. Share on X

To reiterate, much more sports science research is required on all these technologies, but I am confident that we will see much more of that over the next few years. My advice to clinicians and sports scientists looking to invest in sensorimotor technology: first determine how feasible it will be to implement within your athletes’ specific training environment. Once you decide that, you will be able to make the appropriate choice(s) that fit your needs.

Sensorimotor Tech Factors
Figure 8. Interacting factors for sensorimotor technology (adopted from Hadlow, 2018 (14)).

While we all love technology and the great strides it has made for training our athletes, we must all consider more “field-based” training strategies. In this next section, I will discuss how we can capitalize on agility training to develop sensorimotor abilities.

Agility vs. Change of Direction

Before diving too deep, I must first briefly discuss the differences between agility and change of direction (COD) training. While both have merit within a training model, it is important to distinguish between the two to target desired outcomes. As defined by Sheppard and Young (2006)24, agility is a rapid, whole-body movement in response to a stimulus, while COD is a rapid, whole-body movement that is pre-planned. Keep in mind, COD qualities are instrumental for agility performance. But when examining the two from a sensorimotor perspective, there are important differences:

  • Agility attributes – Anticipation, visual-spatial attention, pattern recognition, visuo-motor processing speed, and reaction time.
  • COD attributes – Technique, linear/horizontal speed, neuromuscular asymmetry, and eccentric and deceleration control.

The environment we place our athletes in may also be quite different when targeting agility versus COD attributes. Agility-based training is more random and chaotic (open-skill abilities), while COD training tends to be more controlled and pre-planned (closed-skill abilities). COD training is inherently stable, while agility situations present an unstable environment in which an athlete is under various demands/constraints from teammates and opponents, all while having to anticipate and make decisions under time and space constraints (see figure 2).

While all athletes can benefit from both styles of training, novice athletes or those in the early stages of injury rehabilitation should be initially placed in COD environments and then progressed to agility environments. The figure I created below provides a quick overview of the important aspects of agility and COD (figure 9).

Agility vs COD
Figure 9. Differences between agility and change of direction (COD).

Much like neuromuscular strength training, we can progress agility training to place greater sensorimotor demands on our athletes. Check out a previous blog post in which my colleague Corey Peterson (University of Minnesota) provides a great progression from COD training to agility training. There are near infinite possibilities with agility training.

Determine the sensorimotor demands placed on your athletes and mimic your training environment to better replicate those demands, says @JasonAvedesian. Share on X

The bottom line: determine the sensorimotor demands placed on your athletes and mimic your training environment to better replicate those demands.

Sensorimotor Considerations During Injury Rehab

Unfortunately, we will not be able to prevent all lower extremity/ACL injuries from occurring in sports. In the event of an ACL injury, we must be aware of the sensorimotor contributions during rehabilitation so that we can reduce the risk of future injury. As we know, ACL injury rehab can be very complex and may not follow precise timelines due to setbacks. In the sub-acute, acute, and even chronic stages of post-ACL injury, physiological responses such as pain, stiffness, and swelling may occur.25,26 This may lead to ruminating-type behaviors and psychological distress appearing in the form of anxiety, fear of reinjury, and decreased confidence to return to previous performance levels.27

We can think of this psychological response as simply stress that athletes must manage while returning from injury. High stress levels are associated with delayed reaction times28, reduced attention capacity29, and internal attentional focus30, all of which can be thought of as sensorimotor deficits (figure 10).

Aside from restoring neuromuscular and biomechanical performance capacities, we must consider the restoration of psychological and sensorimotor abilities during ACL injury rehab. The previously mentioned technologies are fantastic tools for these exact purposes, especially early in the rehab progression when athletes may not be able to get full “physical reps.”

Sensorimotor Concussion
Figure 10. The initial physiological response to ACL injury may lead to chronic deficits in sensorimotor performance.
Besides restoring neuromuscular and biomechanical performance capacities, we must consider the restoration of psychological & sensorimotor abilities during ACL injury rehab, says @JasonAvedesian. Share on X

*Author’s note: If you are interested in the actual brain neurophysiological response to an ACL injury, I would highly recommend checking out the work of my colleague Dr. Dustin Grooms at Ohio University. He has done tremendous work in this space and has been greatly influential on my current understanding of the sensorimotor contributions to ACL injury.

Relationship Between Concussion and ACL Injury

Much of my personal motivation on sensorimotor contributions to ACL injury came from my PhD studies at UNLV and Michigan State University. My dissertation research focused on how sports-related concussion and neurocognition influenced lower extremity biomechanics and injury risk in adolescent and collegiate athletes.31–34 Prior data has determined that athletes and military personnel are at approximately 2–3 times greater risk for lower extremity injury post-concussion (figure 11).35–39

As mentioned earlier, recent research indicates a specific relationship between concussion and ACL injury risk.12,13 Transient deficits in cognition and oculomotor performance are hallmark signs of a concussive injury, but researchers are beginning to think that more subtle sensorimotor deficits may still linger even after athletes have been cleared to return to sport. The previously discussed sensorimotor topics in this blog post can certainly apply (and perhaps be very effective) during the acute and chronic time periods post-concussion to mitigate future risk for lower extremity and ACL injuries.

Concussion ACL
Figure 11. Athletes are at a greater risk for lower extremity injuries post-concussion.

Concluding Thoughts – Future Opportunities to Reduce the Risk of ACL Injury

While we know quite a bit about ACL injuries from biomechanical and neuromuscular perspectives, we still have much to discover in terms of how sensorimotor performance contributes to ACL injury risk. With the research and information I have gathered at this stage in my career, here is my proposed pathway to ACL injury (figure 12):

  1. Cascading events that begin with decreased visual-spatial attention, delayed reaction time/processing speed, and/or reduced working memory.
  2. Perception-action mismatch between the athlete and surrounding environment (e.g., mistimed estimation of a defender’s trajectory toward the athlete).
  3. Delayed neuromuscular response (e.g., anticipatory quadriceps and hamstring response) that results in increased load on the knee joint during high-impact loading events.
  4. Increased risk for ACL injury.
ACL Risk Pathway
Figure 12. My working model of the sensorimotor contributions to ACL injury risk.

If you take one thing away from this entire blog post, I hope it is that we have a great opportunity to modify sensorimotor risk factors and incorporate sensorimotor training within previously established neuromuscular and biomechanical interventions to reduce the risk of ACL injury.

Header photo by Tony Quinn/Icon Sportswire.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


References

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16. LaGoy AD, Ferrarelli F, Sinnott AM, Eagle SR, Johnson CD, and Connaboy C. “You Snooze, You Win? An Ecological Dynamics Framework Approach to Understanding the Relationships Between Sleep and Sensorimotor Performance in Sport.” Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2020;15(1):31-39. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.001

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20. Grooms D, Appelbaum G, and Onate J. “Neuroplasticity following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a framework for visual-motor training approaches in rehabilitation.” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2015;45(5):381-393. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5549

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27. Wang B, Zhong JL, Xu XH, Shang J, Lin N, and Lu HD. “Incidence and risk factors in joint stiffness after Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction.” Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2020;15(1):175. doi:10.1186/s13018-020-01694-7

28. Meierbachtol A, Obermeier M, Yungtum W, at al. “Injury-Related Fears During the Return-to-Sport Phase of ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation.” Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020;8(3):2325967120909385. doi:10.1177/2325967120909385

29. Tomczyk CP, Shaver G, and Hunt TN. “Does Anxiety Affect Neuropsychological Assessment in College Athletes?” Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2020;29(2):238-242. doi:10.1123/jsr.2018-0123

30. Oudejans RRD, Kuijpers W, Kooijman CC, and Bakker FC. “Thoughts and attention of athletes under pressure: skill-focus or performance worries?” Anxiety Stress Coping. 2011;24(1):59-73. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.481331

31. Mullen R, Faull A, Jones ES, and Kingston K. “Attentional Focus and Performance Anxiety: Effects on Simulated Race-Driving Performance and Heart Rate Variability.” Frontiers in Psychology. 2012;3:426. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00426

32. Avedesian JM, Covassin T, Baez S, Nash J, Nagelhout E, and Dufek JS. “Relationship Between Cognitive Performance and Lower Extremity Biomechanics: Implications for Sports-Related Concussion.” Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021;9(8): 23259671211032250. doi:10.1177/23259671211032246

33. Avedesian JM, Covassin T, and Dufek JS. “Landing biomechanics in adolescent athletes with and without a history of sports-related concussion.” Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2020;(Jul 31):1-6. doi:PMID:32736349

34. Avedesian JM, Covassin T, and Dufek JS. “The influence of sport-related concussion on lower extremity injury risk: A review of current return-to-play practices and clinical implications.” International Journal of Exercise Science. 2020;13(3):873-889.

35. Avedesian JM, Forbes W, Covassin T, Dufek JS. “Influence of Cognitive Performance on Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: A Systematic Review.” American Journal of Sports Medicine. Published online March 19, 2021: 363546521998081. doi:10.1177/0363546521998081

36. Brooks MA, Peterson K, Biese K, Sanfilippo J, Heiderscheit BC, and Bell DR. “Concussion Increases Odds of Sustaining a Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury After Return to Play Among Collegiate Athletes,” American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016;44(3):742-747.

37. Fino PC, Becker LN, Fino NF, Griesemer B, Goforth M, and Brolinson PG. “Effects of Recent Concussion and Injury History on Instantaneous Relative Risk of Lower Extremity Injury in Division I College Athletes.” Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;29(3):218-223.

38. Harada GK, Rugg CM, Arshi A, Vail J, and Hame SL. “Multiple Concussions Increase Odds and Rate of Lower Extremity Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes After Return to Play.” American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;47(13):3256-3262.

39. Lynall RC, Mauntel TC, Pohlig RT, and al. “Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Concussion Recovery in High School Athletes.” Journal of Athletic Training. 2017;52(11):1028-1034. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.22

40. McPherson AL, Nagai T, Webster KE, and Hewett TE. “Musculoskeletal injury risk after sport-related concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” American Journal of Sports Medicine.

Bigs Misconceptions

Misconceptions on Training Bigs in Basketball

Blog| ByJustin Ochoa

Bigs Misconceptions

The beauty of the strength and conditioning field is that it is still a relatively new industry. Auto mechanics can be traced back to the 1800s. Accountants can be traced back to the 1600s. School teachers can be traced back to the 1400s. Strength coaches? We didn’t officially even become a “real job” until the 1960s.

As the industry continues to grow and evolve, it’s certainly heading in the right direction—despite what you might scroll past on social media.

With this growth comes countless learning opportunities. Over the years, I’ve spent a ton of time working in the basketball community; specifically with extremely tall men and women. How I initially believed I should train these tall basketball players versus what I believe in now has drastically changed. Addressing these misconceptions—and the realities behind them—could help coaches continue to change the industry moving forward. So, here are some common misconceptions on training bigs in basketball.

Tall = Immobile

Right off the bat, myth numero uno is that tall equals immobile. Sure, height may come with some additional mobility challenges when you’re a 7-footer, but the potential for mobility and quality movement is always there.

The misconception that tall players automatically lack mobility often leads coaches to assume certain lifts will be hazardous for the athlete. In some instances, doing this takes away an opportunity for the athlete to actually train hard and get results.


Video 1. Here’s an example of a 7-footer performing a deficit reverse lunge, training through full range of motion and then some.

I am 100% in support of modifying to a regressed exercise to fit the needs of the athlete, but only when it truly is the most beneficial variation for the athlete. Telling a 7-footer not to squat deep to protect their knees—when they have the full range of motion and mobility needed to do so competently—is not a positive exercise modification in any way.


Video 2. In this example, a 6’9 athlete shows some incredible hip mobility and lateral control on display.

You could probably save a lot of time and say all bigs are going to half squat, deadlift from blocks, and bench press to boards and be right about 50% of the time. Or, you could meet the individual needs of each athlete, spend a little bit more time programming, and be right more like 90% of the time.

I’m going to recommend doing the latter! I think a lot of big athletes have outstanding mobility and we should train all available ranges of motion within reason.

I think a lot of big athletes have outstanding mobility and we should train all available ranges of motion within reason, says @JustinOchoa317. Share on X

Thin = Weak

Many of these taller athletes are naturally thin and lean. They have long levers and sometimes it can be a challenge for them to keep weight on. A cop-out statement from a coach would be “I need him/her to get stronger!” simply because the athlete has a thin frame.

But is that really the case? Do they really need strength? Thin definitely doesn’t equal weakness. I think relative strength is a vital metric that can truly showcase just how strong some of these thin frames can be.

Many times, just comparing different athletes’ lifting numbers doesn’t give you a true apples-to-apples comparison. A 230-pound athlete should be able to—and is likely going to—lift significantly more than a 180-pound athlete. So, relative strength can come into play here to see who is strong for their frame.

Just comparing different athletes’ lifting numbers doesn’t give you a true apples-to-apples comparison, says @JustinOchoa317. Share on X


Video 3. This particular athlete did indeed need to modify his deadlift variation for technique purposes, but still crushed a 425-lb trap bar deadlift at 6’11, 230lbs.

Relative strength refers to the amount of strength an athlete has compared to their bodyweight. This can be applied in weight lifting by monitoring if the athlete is hitting X amount of reps in an exercise loaded to the equivalent of their bodyweight, lifting their actual body weight with callisthenic exercises such as push-ups and pull-ups, or lifting X percent of their body weight for a one-rep max on a given lift.

To dive even deeper, we could consider power to bodyweight ratio in the same conversation. We use the 1080 Sprint to measure this using a 20m sprint at 1kg. We take the athlete’s peak power during that sprint (w) divided by the athlete’s bodyweight (kg) to get their power: bodyweight ratio. Typically, I would like to see this metric at 3.5 (w/kg) or higher.

In addition to those two factors, I think tall athletes have a valid claim for doing more total work. All other things considered equal—load, reps, and movement velocity—an athlete performing the exercise through more range of motion has a greater total workload.

The moral of the story is that we can’t discredit our bigs and blindly label them weak due to their appearance. Above are some ways to get a truer gauge on just how strong—or weak—they really are.

We can’t discredit our bigs and blindly label them weak due to their appearance, says @JustinOchoa317. Share on X

Big = Slow

The last, and probably biggest, misconception of them all is that big equals slow. One of the most prevalent changes to the game of basketball is the evolution of the power forward and center positions.

What used to be hook shots and hanging out in the paint all game is now running the floor, jumping out of the gym, and being able to score from all three levels of the court.

We’re also in an era of pretty much position-less basketball. Look at the last 10 years of MVP award winners in the NBA. You’ll see guys like LeBron James, Giannis Antetokounmpo, Kevin Durant, and Nikola Jokic. LeBron is the shortest of those 4 at 6’9, they’re all averaging nearly a triple double and playing all five positions at any given time during a game. The demands of the sport have changed, and the athletes have evolved with it.

The demands of basketball have changed, and the athletes have evolved with it, says @JustinOchoa317. Share on X

It’s the same in the WNBA. The past 5 WNBA MVP award winners—Jonquel Jones, A’ja Wilson, Elena Delle Donne, Breanna Stewart, and Sylvia Fowles—are all between 6’4 and 6’6 and can stretch the floor to bring a level of versatility never before seen in the league.

Sometimes a large athlete might appear slow, especially compared to smaller quick athletes, but one thing the bigger athletes have on their side is stride length on a relatively small playing surface.

Speed is often presented as distance divided by time. In this equation, and in this specific sport played in very close quarters, bigs can actually prove to be pretty fast with the right mix of athleticism, basketball IQ, and spacing on the floor.

All of this carries over to how we train. Again, we never want to take away an opportunity for the athlete to train hard, so training our big basketball players for speed is going to pay huge dividends for them on the court.


Video 4. This is a really solid rep by a 6’10 athlete, sprinting against 2.5% BW for 20m on the 1080 Sprint.

Of course, coaches can make speed programming decisions based on the demands of the position and sport, but let’s not forget that sometimes simply the neurological benefits of training at high velocities are going to give you the most bang for your buck.

Sometimes simply the neurological benefits of training at high velocities are going to give you the most bang for your buck, says @JustinOchoa317. Share on X

The Bottom Line

I absolutely love where the relationship between basketball players and the weight room is trending. More and more, we’re seeing strength and conditioning becoming embedded into the culture of basketball—much like it already has been for decades in football.

Athletes are understanding the value of a well-rounded performance plan and training outside just the skills of the sport. This has had a major impact on that game and continues to drive the sport forward as we’re seeing literally the best athletes of all time competing now at every single level of the sport.

To bring it all home, just remember that when it comes to big hoopers:

  • Tall ≠ Immobile
  • Thin ≠ Weak
  • Big ≠ Slow

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF

High Performance Training Joyce

A Review of High-Performance Training for Sports, 2nd Edition

Book Reviews| ByDylan Hicks

High Performance Training Joyce

If you’ve ever dreamed of combining the world’s finest thought leaders in the field of sports performance into one book, then the second edition of High-Performance Training for Sports is the book for you!

This new edition of High-Performance Training for Sports has arguably become the most-sought-after text in the field of athletic performance. Editors David Joyce and Daniel Lewindon have once again put together an “authoritative guide for ultimate athletic conditioning,” with chapters written by leading experts in the field. These contributors present the most up-to-date material on physiology, sports rehabilitation, biomechanics, coaching dynamics, and strength and conditioning in a single resource.

After the success of the first edition—which was one of the most recommended books by practitioners on Rob Pacey’s podcast—it was an ambitious attempt to improve the quality of the content, but the editors (and authors) have done just that. Although there are several similarities between the two editions, there are a number of brand-new chapters (approximately 17), along with others that expand upon the content contained in the first edition.

The key difference with this text compared to many others: the information in each chapter is meant to be immediately transferrable to the field, says @dylhicks. Share on X

The quality of authorship in each chapter is second to none, and the content should apply regardless of the stage of your own career, whether you are a graduate assistant taking care of your first team or moving into expert performance consulting. The foreword from Coach Dan Pfaff of ALTIS provides a historical snapshot of how the world of high performance has evolved and identifies the key difference with this text compared to many others: the information in each chapter is meant to be immediately transferrable to the field.

Format of High-Performance Training for Sports, 2nd Ed.

The book is divided into three parts:

  1. Establishing and Developing Resilience (8 chapters).
  2. Developing Athletic Capabilities (10 chapters).
  3. Enhancing and Sustaining Performance (8 chapters).

The strategy to design the flow of the book and chapters in this manner perfectly aligns with those of the practitioner:

  1. Understand how to work with the athlete.
  2. Understand how to develop and improve the athlete.
  3. Understand how to keep the athlete performing to a high level.

Like similar books in the field, throughout each chapter there are key points and/or coaching anecdotes summarized in what have been described as “Wise Ways.” These are fantastic in emphasizing the core message from that page or chapter—and in an age where 240 characters is a common medium, these work well to deliver the messages.

Concluding each chapter is a short list of “Non-Negotiables” that further refines the information for the practitioner and reinforces the key takeaways. Although the content in each chapter requires greater exploration, this book review will take a deep dive on five key chapters that resonated with me from a teaching, coaching, and research perspective:

  • Chapter 11 – Speed Training, by Jean-Benoit Morin, PhD, and Stuart McMillan.
  • Chapter 4 – Optimising Movement Efficiency, by Matt Jordan, PhD, CSCS.
  • Chapter 20 – Preseason, by Darren Burgess, PhD.
  • Chapter 9 – Understanding and Influencing Interpersonal Dynamics in the Training Environment, by Brett Bartholomew, MS Ed, CSCS*D, RSCC*D.
  • Chapter 26 – Learning, by Sam Robertson, PhD, and Jacqueline Tran, PhD.

Chapter 11 – Speed Training (Jean-Benoit Morin and Stuart McMillan)

Who better to write a chapter on speed than two of the foremost leaders in sprint coaching and sprint science? Jean-Benoit Morin (Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne) is arguably the world’s leading researcher in understanding, interpreting, and explaining the mechanical determinants of sprint performance and is known for his work on human locomotion and force-velocity profiling. Stu McMillan (ALTIS) not only coaches some of the fastest humans on the planet, but he also provides a critical—yet analytical—lens to performance that few in the world can match.

The chapter begins by providing an overview of how speed can be described in various individual and team sport scenarios, while also discussing the key performance indicators (KPIs) of sprinting and the content-context continuum:

  • The content describes how the athlete learns to control movement while sprinting and coordinate their degrees of freedom in space and time.
  • The context describes how this movement is explored within the context of their sporting environment.

The constant iteration of these components forms the continuum. One term highlighted in the chapter is “foundational anchor points” (FAPs), which describes the movements that underpin performance. The link to FAPs is key in this chapter, as the authors frequently reference the shapes and patterns common in sprinting, which are highlighted in the ALTIS Kinogram Method.

The chapter goes on to explain that if coaches understand and can recognize when performances change or patterns do not stabilize, then the anchor has not been held in place and inconsistencies could arise at higher intensities. Midway through the chapter, the focus changes to understanding the mechanical demands of sprinting. Although based on Newtonian mechanics, the descriptions around acceleration, force production, orientation, and transmission are explained with a strong application to the field.

The authors make it a point to identify that the orientation of the ground reaction force (GRF) has greater significance for the overall sprint performance than absolute force production, along with linking this to force-velocity profiling and understanding the necessity to move past solely analyzing sprint times. Profiling allows the coach to understand the how of the sprint performance and provides an individual approach about what might limit performance or aid performance. The authors detail the five key components of the profile (F0, v0, PMAX, RFMAX, and DRF) and explain how even within a homogenous group of elite team sport athletes, differences in profiles will provide guidance when individualizing the training program.

In the latter parts of the chapter, the authors circle back to the FAPs and KPIs of sprinting by looking at sprint descriptors, including shapes, patterns, projection, rhythm, and rise. Although describing each in detail, they provide kinematic explanations of how each descriptor of the performance can be applied across various team sports.

Two key concepts that tie these descriptors together are the internal and external factors specific to the athlete. The athletes’ internal factors include their anthropometry, strength, mobility, and neuromuscular characteristics, while external factors include the athletes’ technical understanding of the required movement objective. Each of these factors will influence variables such as shape, patterns, projection, etc.

Limiting this chapter to 12 pages must have been extraordinarily difficult for the two authors, considering the level of knowledge they both possess and immense amount of information on the topic. Yet, they have distilled it down to the absolute non-negotiables of what underpins fast running.

This chapter is presented in a way in which coaches working with athletes from all sports can improve their understanding of how to enhance sprint performance, says @dylhicks. Share on X

Although sprinting has its roots in track and field, this chapter is not only informative from a mechanical perspective of the task, but it is presented in a way in which coaches working with athletes from all sports can improve their understanding of how to enhance sprint performance.

Chapter 4 – Optimising Movement Efficiency (Matt Jordan)

Matt Jordan (Canadian Sport Institute, Calgary) is arguably the world leader in the mechanics and assessment of movement, along with understanding movement compensations when returning from injury. Matt’s unique ability to see performance through the lens of a muscle physiologist, biomechanist, and strength and conditioning coach gives him a unique perspective few others in the world of human performance can offer.

Jordan begins by exploring the concept of efficiency of movement and its relationship to movement adaptability and mechanical efficiency. The early passages expand on mechanical efficiency in more detail by focusing on the optimization of biomechanics and the force-velocity (and force-length) relationship(s) of the muscle.

Performance coaches generally have a strong understanding of the linear force-velocity relationship/continuum from the point of view of strength training exercise selection but highlighting the link between the force-length relationship, joint angles, sport specificity, and muscle strength curve is where the true learning begins. Using a hierarchy and categorization of exercises, the explanation of how coordinative abilities—along with energetic and biomechanical demands of the competitive exercise/skill—are paired with an appropriate strength training option demonstrates Jordan’s systematic approach to enhance transfer between training and competition. Contrasting applied examples, often embedded in winter sports due to Jordan’s background at the Canadian Institute of Sport, highlight how an attention to detail in the force-time, force-length, and joint angle characteristics of the prescribed exercise will have significant implications on rate of force development (RFD), force effectiveness in the competition tasks, and overall efficiency in the task.

With the addition of Jordan’s loading parameter table (Plyometrics – reactive strength, Zone 1 – maximal power, Zone 2 – hypertrophy, and Zone 3 – maximal strength), practitioners are well on their way to better understanding, developing, and improving mechanical efficiency. Furthermore, the chapter challenges views on what is optimal movement while exploring movement solutions, variability, and adaptability from an individual athlete perspective. Jordan highlights that although coaches often view movement from an optimal model, greater understanding of the environmental constraints and the adaptive, self-organization of the human body is necessary.

With regard to ACL injuries, the chapter circles back to demonstrate how movement strategies across a range of tasks are generally limited by the strength available at each joint, along with the range of motion through which the body has moved—which further strengthens the importance of and focus on mechanical efficiencies (or inefficiencies). Finally, the constraints of human movement, along with cognitive abilities, are presented as the last pieces of the efficiency puzzle to meet the complexities of sport.

This chapter should reinforce that practitioners must ensure they know the inputs of what contributes to efficient movement; then, on an individual basis in their context, attempt to prescribe movement interventions so the athlete can find the appropriate movement solution.

Chapter 20 – Preseason (Darren Burgess)

Without a doubt, Darren Burgess (Adelaide Football Club) is one of the leading performance coaches in the world. His experience and success in soccer, Australian Rules football, and training load monitoring are well known and respected. For Australian performance coaches, he is one of the leading voices pushing the profession to new heights.

He begins his chapter by explaining the aims of a preseason period in team sports, which primarily focuses on reducing the risk of injury, developing biomotor abilities, and targeting arguably the most important aspect of training: tactical development. Burgess details how in most team sports at the professional level, the preseason period can range from as few as 4-6 weeks (EPL) to as long as 16 weeks (Australian Rules football). Therefore, the structure, content, and design of this period of training is highly dependent on which sport you are involved in.

Burgess’s attention to detail in all facets of preseason planning appears to be quite methodical, but the key message early on is to ensure the preseason period provides an appropriate overload to the in-season demands. Minimizing the risk of injury at any time of the competitive season is perhaps the highest priority, but during the preseason, determining the correct dose of fitness and fatigue requires a high level of experience and insight from the S&C coach.

Burgess highlights perhaps the biggest risk of injury for team sport athletes is high-speed running (HSR >20 km/h), or sprinting. Although coaches might look to avoid HSR to limit the chance of injury, the reality is that once the competitive season begins, the ability to sprint and break away from an opponent is game changing. Therefore, Burgess recommends an early, yet gradual, introduction to this type of training. Like all components of training, HSR needs to be periodized accordingly, and, along with speed and power development, the density of these components will differ between sports, positions on the field, and player history.

.@darrenburgess25 also highlights the importance of blending the tactical and technical training from the sport coach with the prescription from the S&C coach. This is absolutely non-negotiable. Share on X

Aside from developing the raw physiological components during this period, Burgess also highlights the importance of blending the tactical and technical training from the sport coach with the prescription from the S&C coach. This is an absolute non-negotiable, but also requires higher order thinking from the S&C coach about the best approach to successfully achieve the speed, power, strength, and conditioning goals of the training period. In the latter part of the chapter, Burgess looks at how to define and ensure a successful preseason period by emphasizing the importance of writing effective training programs, monitoring athletes, planning tapers, and promoting positive behaviors and team culture.

A preseason training program requires meticulous planning and integration of several training components, yet the importance of getting it right cannot be understated. There is a saying, which I believe is attributed to Burgess: a good strength & conditioning program won’t win you the premiership, but a poor one might help you lose one (apologies if I have misquoted Darren here). This seems to ring true throughout chapter 20.

Chapter 9 – Understanding and Influencing Interpersonal Dynamics in the Training Environment (Brett Bartholomew)

Since Conscious Coaching hit the shelves a few years back, Brett Bartholomew (ArtofCoaching.com) has been upskilling performance coaches worldwide on their communication skills. More recently, aside from being one of the world leaders in sport performance coaching, Brett has challenged coaches to move past the X’s and O’s of coaching and begin to invest in themselves, starting with all components of communication.

Without question, coaching is all about communication. In a sports performance setting, coaches communicate with their athletes on a daily basis and attempt to influence their behaviors to elicit a positive outcome. However, the tactics and strategies we select while attempting to influence athletes are dependent on the coach-athlete relationship and the power dynamics between both parties.

Early in the chapter, common social scenarios that occur in sport every season are detailed to highlight how communication can lead to organizations imploding. These range from miscommunication between departments and athletes losing faith in coaching staff to the “blame game” and egotistical coaches—yet instead of digging into the details of each issue, Bartholomew recommends coaches look in the mirror. Self-awareness, self-examination, and critical reflection are the key concepts that the performance coach must continually work on to improve their communication. This is a perhaps the most critical takeaway from the chapter. Coaches with a strong sense of self-awareness understand their strengths and weaknesses and can demonstrate “social agility” in different situations to better influence and persuade the individual.

Although the terms power and influence might not appear in the NSCA S&C manual, as a coach, the ability to change behaviors requires an astute understanding of both concepts. Bartholomew provides several examples of different types of power (reward, coercive, informational), with examples and situations of when each type is evident in a coaching or team setting. Importantly, the way power is developed and the way it is maintained are two different things. Power dynamics in a performance setting require the select parties to effectively “read the room” to understand the rationale of why the social dynamics may change in certain environments.

The chapter then moves on to analyzing the concept of influence, which is described as a way we can periodize our interactions with people and make them more meaningful. Like power dynamics, various examples on influence tactics are provided, with a short explanation of how and when to apply each tactic. From a coaching perspective, influencing an athlete to do something that we think will help them seems quite easy, but after reading this section of the chapter, you can see this is short-sighted.

From a coaching perspective, influencing an athlete to do something we think will help them seems quite easy, but after reading this section, you can see this is short-sighted, says @dylhicks. Share on X

Bartholomew is methodical in his “breakdown” of each influence tactic, emphasizing the fact that whichever tactic is used, the success of this approach will likely depend on the perceived benefit and the overall relationship they have with YOU, the influencer.

In summary, sports performance is more than just speed, power, and periodization; it relies on the relationships between the coaching staff and the athletes. Reflecting and improving on your interactions and overall communication should be a high priority for all coaches, and something to constantly refine.

Chapter 26 – Learning (Sam Robertson and Jacqueline Tran)

Sam Robertson (Professor of Sport Analytics, Victoria University) and Jacqueline Tran (Team Leader, HPSNZ) are a pair of leading figures in the field of sport science and higher education. Although they may be less known among strength and conditioning coaches, their reach and expertise into the sports analytics space and high-performance learning environments is not to be questioned. Through the “rstats” content Tran shares via social media and the One Track Mind podcast that Robertson hosts, they both push the field to new heights with their content knowledge expertise, along with their strong understanding of how effective learning happens.

Impressive.

The chapter initially discusses the two perspectives when designing learning environments in high-performance sport:

  • Designing environments to support individual
  • Setting up environments which foster collective

When examining the relationship between learning and performance, the authors detail that teaching, learning, and performance are not interchangeable, and they therefore need to be examined separately to form an accurate assessment as to whether effective learning has occurred.

One of the counterintuitive aspects of learning is that when the learning is rich, performance initially suffers. Therefore, the challenge for coaches is to determine the appropriate time to assess the true quality of learning and retention. Different learning models are then explored, including a Complex Systems View of Learning and a Constraints-Led Approach to Learning, where the complex adaptive system (human body) is tasked with problem-solving and finding solutions within the unpredictable learning environment. Most sport practitioners would be familiar with these models, yet creating the environment where a high level of learning occurs might be the sticking point.

The chapter circles back to discussing individual and collective learning, and from a high-performance team perspective, it appears both learning types are essential. While individual learning for the coach presents an opportunity for how to better themselves, the approach coaches use with individual athletes is likely of much greater importance. In a similar approach to how training principles are manipulated in a training program, the features of an effective learning environment and principles of learning design are detailed to provide a learning roadmap with the acronym SPORT: specificity (representative design), progression, overload, reversibility, and tedium (variety).

For the athlete’s learning environment, one interesting concept raised is that of the challenge point. The challenge point describes an approach to find the appropriate difficulty of practice for learning to occur: too easy and it doesn’t represent “the game,” but too hard and the challenge is too great to conquer. Therefore, using the SPORT acronym might provide a framework for coaches to rely on when designing the environment for different phases of the year or for athletes with varying needs (e.g., draftee, veteran, return to play, etc.).

Designing a collective learning environment—where the group commits to learn together and then contributes and shares their learnings with each other—appears to provide a richer experience than a self-directed approach. A true high-performance environment fosters a community of practice where regular sharing opportunities are encouraged, so the team is learning as a whole, rather than a siloed approach.

Although individual learning is necessary, collective learning can be transformational for an organization by ensuring domain-specific knowledge is disseminated across all personnel. Share on X

This chapter emphasizes that true learning and retention do not occur by chance; rather, it is the result of the effective design of the learning environment for the individuals in your organization. Coaches must be proactive in manipulating the learning constraints (task, organism, environment) and constantly ask athletes to problem-solve in both predictable and unpredictable settings. Finally, although individual learning is necessary, collective learning can be transformational and sustainable for an organization by ensuring domain-specific knowledge and learnings are disseminated across all personnel.

Adding HPTS 2nd Edition to Your Coaching Library

Overall, HPTS 2nd edition is a book all performance coaches need to read, highlight, re-read, post-it note, and read again. In my opinion, this book will serve as the leading reference manual for strength & conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, and sports scientists across the globe.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Pride

Weathering Change and Building Relationships in Elite Soccer with Ivi Casagrande

Freelap Friday Five| ByIvi Casagrande, ByNathan Huffstutter

Pride

Ivi Casagrande is currently the Women’s and Girls’ Sport Scientist at a FAWSL club team and a FIFA technical expert/consultant. She is a former Orlando Pride lead strength & conditioning coach, director of sports performance for Redline Athletics, and member of the U.S. Youth National Teams Sport Scientist Network.

Freelap USA: U.S. Women’s National Team (USWNT) players such as Sam Mewis, Tobin Heath, and Christen Press have played abroad and used that experience to adjust to new playing systems and new dimensions of the game. Moving from coaching in the U.S. to coaching in Europe, is there a comparable adjustment process on the performance side? What have been some of the new concepts or methods you have picked up since moving from coaching in the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL) to coaching in the Football Association’s Women’s Super League (FAWSL)? 

Ivi Casagrande: One of the biggest adjustment processes on the performance side I’ve noticed thus far is definitely the schedule change from one league to the other. In the NWSL, I used to have almost four months during the off-season, (although it has now changed to less time as the new Challenge Cup was created after COVID-19).

With a long off-season, you have a lot of time to work with individual players and have that one-on-one exposure that you don’t get to have a lot during in-season. In NWSL, some players would go to Australia or other leagues to play during that time, but for the ones who stay, as a coach you can really get the most of that time to prioritize things that you normally don’t have time to do during in-season.

In the FAWSL, you get about five weeks during the off-season, so your priorities as a coach definitely change. It is the balance between getting the athletes the break they need after a long 10- to 11-month season and just giving them enough stimulus and exposure for them to get back ready for pre-season. In the NWSL, you have to spend a lot of time working on their aerobic capacity, hypertrophy, and max strength, whereas in the FAWSL, you don’t have that time or as big of a need to really work on those as they will probably not lose too much in five weeks if you can get the right amount of stimulus in the context of the force-velocity curve.

Also, in the NWSL you have the lengthy travel from the East Coast to the West Coast that you don’t deal with here in England. All of those NWSL trips require flying, which really affects your training week, and you have to be very strategic with your recovery strategies and tools to help players adapt and recover well between games. You definitely need to spend much more time on recovery strategies because of the schedule.

I think in both leagues there is the same challenge as a performance coach, which is how to best manage players who go on international duty across the season and have to come back right away to club duties. The women’s soccer calendar is getting more and more demanding, along with the intensity of play, which really shows how much we have to be on top of not only their physical key performance indicators, but also the emotional, mental, well-being, and lifestyle factors and how we best manage their training loads across the year.

Freelap USA: From a preparation standpoint, which key qualities for soccer do you think you have the greatest ability to impact and what exercises/methods do you rely on to improve those qualities? Are there other necessary physical qualities for the sport that you think are best developed via small-sided games/the game itself, and how do you collaborate with the sport coaching staff to complement and support what they will be doing on the training pitch?

Ivi Casagrande: My perspective on the ability to impact players in terms of physical preparation has greatly changed over the years through spending time with different athletic populations. I think most of us coaches, especially when we started our careers (myself included), tend to have a very myopic view on physical preparation, sometimes spending most of our energy in creating the perfect periodization plan as well as the most effective strength and power programs so we see our players getting faster and stronger. We also try to get the best bits of every successful coach and every research paper and then copy and paste to our own programs, as sometimes we lack the confidence to create our own philosophy and plan based on our own environment and constraints.

After reflecting on all my practical experiences, however, I realized the biggest impact I had on my players was the ability to connect with them on a personal level, says @ivicasagrande. Share on X

After reflecting on all my practical experiences, however, I realized the biggest impact I had on my players was the ability to connect with them on a personal level. This shows them not only that I care for them, but that they are also part of the process.

One of the most useful theories I learned through my masters was Self-Determination Theory, in which autonomy, competence, and relatedness are key components for athletes to find motivation in their environment. I have tried to apply these concepts everywhere I have coached, and this has really helped me get buy-in from my players. Yes, you can impact the development of strength and power in your athletes, but the long-term impact will come from your relationships with them and making sure you educate them and provide the best tools for them to be successful in the long run.

Teach players to develop their coping skills outside of the pitch and know how to be proactive with things such as:

  • Improving their position quality and joint range of motion.
  • Breathing mechanics to not only improve performance but also to be able to handle stress (physical and mental) on and off the pitch.
  • Strategies to sleep better.
  • Ways to see the world with a different perspective.

I was a soccer player who left Brazil at a very young age, and I went through a lot of what my players are currently going through. That sense of relatedness has helped a lot in terms of sharing what worked for me in the past and offering that support outside of the physical preparation per se. The key thing for me is to be able to empower the athlete and give them autonomy rather than making them rely on us to provide all the answers or depend on us for a lifetime. The most powerful moments as a coach are the ones when you have an athlete you coached 5-7 years ago tell you they still use some of the tools you taught them, not only in their sport but also in their life.

Apart from all that, movement quality is something I have always had an interest in and my biggest mentors—including Kelly Starrett, Dan Pfaff, and Ben Ashworth—all have amazing eyes for movement and have helped me develop a better critical eye for key movements and shapes. From youth to elite players, there’s the same crucial need to help the athletes:

  • Feel and own positions.
  • Develop their motor control and neuromuscular coordination under different speeds, vectors, and environmental constraints.

When we talk about the other physical qualities important for the game, what I see missing in a lot of training environments—especially in the culture of American colleges—is not only the exposure to repetitive change of direction in the specific context of the game, but also developing the physical qualities within the technical model rather than just making soccer players run like they are track & field/cross country athletes.

Exposing athletes to small-sided games is something very easy to achieve by communicating with the technical coaches and educating them on the best work-to-rest ratios and constraints to make the drill not only good to develop their decision-making and technical skills, but also to develop their physical qualities. We all know players can have amazing performance on fitness tests, but if they are not able to be effective on the pitch and to sustain and have the capacity to repeatedly do high mechanical load actions within the technical model—and with added decision-making—then those tests are useless for technical coaches.

Speed work can also be done in warm-ups and during training within positional drills, so we can make sure players are able to use their speed in the context of the sport. The use of GPS monitoring and HR monitoring can be quite beneficial here to help performance coaches and technical staff analyze work output and effectiveness. By comparing match intensity metrics to training metrics, we can make sure we are exposing them to the right intensity in training, so they are able to effectively perform during game day.

Freelap USA: How has your understanding of the range of functional systems that impact performance changed over time? And as you identify and manage the range of “battery systems” that fuel athletes, from the central nervous system to the energy systems to the immune-hormonal systems and more, do any of these require extra attention or present specific challenges when training elite female soccer players?

Ivi Casagrande: There have been two big moments in the last 2-3 years that shaped my philosophy as a coach and my understanding of the complexity of systems surrounding my athletes, the people around me, and myself.

The first was COVID-19 and all the challenges that came with it, especially in the preparation and management of players during that time. My first thought when all that happened was: Okay, how do I keep their levels of fitness and manage their load away from training and on their own so that they’re ready to go when competition restarts?

Soon enough, though, I realized that this would be irrelevant if my players were in a bad place mentally or were struggling to navigate this new and unknown world that we all had to find a way to live in. We were all going through some heavy stuff outside of the world of sports, where we all didn’t really know when a sense of normalcy would be back or what we would actually be preparing for and what would be the timelines for competitions. All of a sudden, as coaches, we realized we definitely will never have all the answers and the right solutions to all the puzzles surrounding the best way to prepare athletes to be back at competition and when that would eventually happen.

More than ever, the only thing I felt I could control during that time was building relationships with my players and trying to provide them with a safe environment where they could be themselves and feel comfortable enough to show vulnerability and giving them tools to be able to have some down time to reflect, mentally switch off, and have some fun.

The only thing I felt I could control (during COVID-19) was building relationships with my players…and giving them tools to have down time to reflect, mentally switch off, and have some fun. Share on X

While I was still at Orlando Pride, I decided to order an inflatable kayak for myself and my partner, so I texted our players’ group and said: “Who is up for a social distance stroll with the gators?” Suddenly, almost half of our team was buying inflatable kayaks and going to the lakes so we could see each other while socially distancing. It also gave us a safe space to just share our feelings and how those times were hitting us differently and how much of a rollercoaster everything was. Our loneliness from quarantining became kayak adventures around Orlando and figuring out the best lake routes to go through, bike trails, and a sense of human connection again.

I also started some weekly themed Zoom workouts, where I would ask the players to dress up, and go through an old-school hip hop session or a Zumba class or try out some different classes such as yoga with martial arts. Then, all the physical preparation became so much easier for all of us because now we were in a better head space or at least more motivated to work toward the unknown.

So, in that case, the mental and emotional battery systems were definitely a priority for us—I think we always have to make sure we prioritize different systems during different cycles of training according to what each individual is going through or environmental factors.

Battery Systems

The second moment that really shaped my thinking of the multiple battery systems was when I had my first panic attack in January 2021. During that time, I’d recently moved with my partner and dog from America to the UK and went into autopilot mode and didn’t really have the time to sit down and reflect on the transition. I was working crazy hours, trying to juggle my full-time work with my online business and side projects, when my body decided to scream at me and force me to slow down. Before I knew it, I was in an ambulance with my heart rate going from 70 bpm to 160 bpm in seconds.

We always have to make sure we prioritize different systems during different cycles of training according to what each individual is going through or environmental factors, says @ivicasagrande. Share on X

The only thing I remember was thinking my time was coming to an end; everything felt like it was disappearing in a dark tunnel and like I was having a major heart attack.

That was a huge eye-opening moment for me, as I realized that you can’t just forget about the other things that really affect your wellness and performance. My mentor, Dan Pfaff, was instrumental during that time, as he would have daily talks with me about coping strategies and how it doesn’t matter how much meditation, breathing techniques, or recovery tools somebody does if they don’t work on their own coping strategies and conflict resolutions or just have the time to allow reflection.

I tied those concepts to the world of performance right away, and I started testing all those strategies on myself before teaching them to my athletes.

The battery systems idea and concepts came from Dan Pfaff and some of our latest conversations about performance. We talked about why we can’t, as coaches, think that physical performance is the only key performance indicator for success. Before thinking about our technical, physical, and field monitoring processes, we need to determine when to prioritize the other KPIs such as:

  • Lifestyle factors.
  • Mental resilience.
  • Emotional wellness.

Everything needs to work in synergy, and we have to look at the big picture. I try to provide not just my athletes, but young coaches (myself included) with tools to be able to improve their performance, even if it will only get them better by 1%. The list of those tools is long, but it includes things such as:

  • Breathing mechanics work.
  • Cognitive work.
  • Working on exposing them to different stimulus every now and then.
  • Developing self-awareness under fatigue using verbal, visual, and auditory cues.
  • Developing habits of improving their range of motion and positional quality and capacity in the gym.
  • Sharing coping strategies based on my own experience as a soccer player.

The key here is understanding that all those different battery systems demand unique types and amounts of work, as well as recharging times. Fergus Connolly was also pivotal in this process of understanding the big picture. His book Game Changer and his course with “Team Sports Masterclass” really opened my eyes to how to apply all this knowledge in the team environment.

In my experience, when training female athletes, immune hormonal systems can be a crucial battery system that needs more attention than others. As we all know, the menstrual cycle is a big one for female athletes. Finding ways to manage their symptoms and help them develop their own routine and tools for management becomes a key thing in their preparation and success in their sport: from the nutrition requirements needed in specific phases of their menstrual cycles, to the breathing protocols that could help aid their sleep and cardiovascular efficiency, to the coping strategies to deal with the mood swings. Managing the load of players who struggle more than others during their periods is also very important, understanding that certain individuals might require a longer recharging time than others.

KPIs Female Athlete

Coordination systems, especially in young female athletes, are also extremely important. Teaching them how to slow down, own their movements, and develop rhythm and coordination especially during rapid periods of growth is extremely important to build a more resilient athlete and be more prepared for the increased demands of the sport and potential mitigation of injuries.

Lastly, as mentioned above, the emotional and mental battery systems can be key for female athletes, just because of the fact, from my past experiences, females are a little bit more open to being vulnerable and having those tough conversations (not exclusive to female athletes, but culturally seen more often). Developing their self-awareness and their understanding of how much those things can impact their performance can be a good educational tool to take with them in their journeys.

On that note, I hope we, as a society and as coaches, continue to help male athletes and the rest of society understand it is okay to be vulnerable and show their emotions without them thinking it is a sign of fragility or a lack of masculinity.

Freelap USA: What are some ways that coaches can provide female athletes with practical rather than simply informational tools to manage individual symptoms of their menstrual cycle in a team sports setting? How might this process and the communication strategies differ at different age ranges, from U14 to U18 to college/pro levels?

Ivi Casagrande: I first became very interested in the menstrual cycle process for female athletes in 2015, when I came across the work of Georgie Bruinvels, who helped develop an app for players to track their menstrual cycles. I started using the FitrWoman app with my players from Bowling Green State University’s women’s team. At first it was more of an educational tool, as not a lot of players truly understood the big impact that their cycle had on their performance, and how to develop practical tools to help alleviate the symptoms.

I created an Excel sheet back then and started to collate the information from their wellness questionnaires (simple questions such as “Are you on your cycle: yes or no”) to understand more about the length of the individual cycles and when that would happen so I could start the conversation and offer advice on how to better manage those phases.

I then used all the resources from the app to give my players some recipes and basic nutritional advice based on the phase of the cycle they were on. As I further developed my understanding of the physiological side of things, I started to teach them tools to manage the things they could at least control during their cycle:

  • Breathing protocols.
  • Mindfulness/meditation practices that would help them during the phases in which they would either struggle to sleep or struggle to manage their mood.

Something else I learned with Georgie and Dawn Scott was to provide recipes for smoothies or yogurt pots before bedtime to help them with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant foods and aid their recovery times, which can be affected in specific phases of the menstrual cycle. Lastly, a lot of players show lower back tightness around their menstrual cycle, so there was no one better than my mentor and friend Kelly Starrett to help me provide some individual strategies and plans for my players with the focus on mobility to:

  • Restore or improve their range of motion.
  • Sensitize painful movement and enhance their recovery.
  • Reduce training session costs.

The biggest takeaway for me is that we as coaches—and also as female athletes—need to understand that there are a lot of considerations when it comes to our performance. Nutrition and hydration, training load, psychological factors, travel, recovery, and sleep. Menstrual cycle is a big piece of the puzzle, but all pieces must work in synergy to maximize performance and effectively manage symptoms.

Freelap USA: You created the Coaches Empowerment Network to provide a comfortable space for learning and networking opportunities for young coaches. What were your biggest takeaways from fostering that speaker series, and how can young coaches best take advantage of peer networks and other opportunities for career growth?

Ivi Casagrande: The Coach Empowerment Network is a very special project I started during COVID-19 and when I was moving over to the UK. I had some time to reflect before I was about to start my new job, and at the time I was mentoring a lot of young female coaches. I realized that a lot of them went through the same experiences, as female coaches, that I did during my last few years in the field. I just wanted to create a safe space for them to share their work and to bring together people to collaborate and talk about things we really don’t talk about.

With the Coach Empowerment Network, I didn’t want to involve anything about physical performance…but rather to show and talk about vulnerability, mental health, and all our struggles as coaches. Share on X

The purpose of these events was to talk about the challenges they encountered during their journeys and the tools they found to be successful when they were going through challenging times, and really showcase and share their resilience, lessons learned, and advice for the coaches in the room. I didn’t want to involve anything about physical performance, because we already have so much about that in our field, but rather to show and talk about vulnerability, mental health, and all our struggles as coaches.

The cool thing about the network was that it was not a closed group only created for female coaches. It was open to female and male coaches (only the presenters were female coaches), as I felt like we sometimes don’t have the same opportunities, or we are just not confident enough to talk about our stories and journeys to get to where we are. It was very interesting how uncomfortable it was for some of the presenters (including myself at first) to talk about ourselves as human beings rather than as performance coaches.

I think we all learned so much with each other in the process. We had about five sessions before things got quite busy with my full-time job and I had to pause it for a moment—we had people from 18 different parts of the world, including Thailand, New Zealand, and Australia, some staying up until 3 a.m. just to watch the presentations. We had a lot of amazing male coaches not afraid to join the conversation and discuss some of the challenges we, as female coaches, go through. I think one of the main things I wanted to also get out of it was to involve male coaches in the conversation so they could see from our perspective the different kind of challenges we have to go through to survive in the industry.

I also wanted to involve male coaches in the conversation so they could see from our perspective the different kind of challenges we go through to survive in the industry, says @ivicasagrande. Share on X

On the other hand, it was very cool to see that, a lot of times, the male coaches’ challenges were very similar to ours. I had people reaching out to me and sharing that they made amazing friends from those sessions. I saw some of them meeting each other in different countries and shadowing each other’s work in their jobs, so that was extremely rewarding. I am looking forward to continuing those sessions in the near future.

I have been very lucky to have had amazing mentors since I started as a coach; mentors who were not afraid to tell me the tough things about being in the sports industry. I learned a lot from them, and I keep fostering those relationships daily with all those people I really look up to and now see as friends.

The biggest advice I give to young coaches when reaching out to other people in the industry is that networking should be more than just picking their brains as to what they do in their jobs as a coach, but also looking to be open and discussing the tough things too. Learning how they use their coping strategies with some of the challenges of being in the elite environment and the lessons they learned that they can pass on. Lastly, don’t forget that those “networking” conversations shouldn’t be just for the sake of you getting all their knowledge and walking away, but rather should be a relationship that will be fostered and cherished for the long term.

Photo by Andrew Bershaw/Icon Sportswire.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Curvilinear Plyos

Training Transitions Between Movement Patterns to Improve Athleticism

Blog| ByJason Feairheller

Curvilinear Plyos

There have been a number of articles on this site dedicated to all aspects of movement in sports, such as acceleration, max speed, and change of direction patterns. The skill of moving well in competition is not solely about doing each of these movement patterns in isolation—it’s about being able to transition from one movement pattern to another or to link patterns. I define good athletic movement as choosing the appropriate movement pattern at the appropriate time and executing it exactly as you want to. Athletes must not only be able to recognize and choose the correct movement pattern—which is a skill itself—but they also must be physically capable of fluidly transitioning from one movement pattern to another.

I define good athletic movement as choosing the appropriate movement pattern at the appropriate time and executing it exactly as you want to. Share on X

The movement patterns you see in athletics consist of a lateral shuffle, lateral run, hip turn, plyo step, and backpedal, curvilinear running, and linear running. In a previous article on multidirectional plyometrics, I covered these movements patterns and discussed examples of when you may see them in sport. It’s important that your athletes become proficient in each of these patterns, and depending on the sport and position, they may need to be exceptional in a few of these patterns.

Why Do We Need to Move Well?

Improving speed directly coincides with coordinating transitions between movement patterns with better timing and fluidity. Performing only agility drills—which are drills that involve a cognitive component—will not ensure quality movement transitioning between all patterns of movement. Frans Bosch explains this in his book Anatomy of Agility: “the information filter is determined not only by the quality of perception but also by the motor solutions that can be planned in the light of the information; so the filter also depends on the capabilities of the body.”1 Once again, perception is only one part of the movement equation: if you do not have the physical capacity to coordinate between movement patterns, you are missing one of the most critical pieces of athletic development.

If you do not have the physical capacity to coordinate between movement patterns, you are missing one of the most critical pieces of athletic development. Share on X

Most sports do not involve movement from a static position. Therefore, being able to transition from one movement to another becomes even more critical. Here’s a quick example of just how often these types of transitions happen in sport:

A soccer defender performs a backpedal as an opposing wing approaches him. As the wing gets closer, the defender positions himself to direct that opponent toward the sideline. As the attacking player continues to approach with more speed, the defender performs a hip turn to transition from a backpedal to a lateral run. The attacker continues to pick up speed in an attempt to beat the defender wide and cut toward the goal. As this happens, the defender transitions from a lateral run to a curvilinear run. 

As you can see, in a simple game-like scenario, there are multiple transitions among movement patterns. Performing any of those linking patterns poorly could be the difference between allowing a scoring chance and making a stop. Going back to the example, what if the defender is not good at transitioning from a backpedal to a lateral run and this leads to a scoring opportunity? Was this caused by his perception or a lack of ability to fluidly link these movement patterns?

It’s this question that all coaches must answer—an athlete’s perception may tell them what to do, but they just may be poor at executing the transition.

Fluidly Linking Movement Patterns Together

I’ve referenced being able to fluidly transition from one movement pattern to another, but what exactly does that look like? When analyzing movement, you can get into extremely detailed discussions of joint angles and creating force through various positions, but for the purposes of this article, I’ll talk about some broad concepts of good movement. Most coaches can identify good movement when they see it, but unless you are looking at movement through video, it can be difficult to identify exactly what led to a poor transition from one pattern to another. The more video you watch of athletes of all skill levels and abilities, the easier it will be to pick up on some of the big differences.

Begin by looking at the movement in general. Does it appear to be somewhat robotic or are there smooth transitions between patterns? Robotic movement demonstrates a lack of coordination among joints. Some of the movement may be fluid, while other parts are not as smooth. It will look as if certain joints are frozen together.

After looking in general at the movement, begin looking at the foot and then work your way up the body. Look for a stiff plant from the foot upon any sort of repositioning or changing pattern. A stiff foot plant indicates more force directed into the ground. This is important because it helps maintain the stride frequency of the athlete. Athletes who move better from one pattern to the other are able to maintain their gait cycle compared to lesser-skilled movers. If less force goes into the ground when linking movement patterns, the frequency of an athlete’s gait will decrease, which means their overall speed is decreasing.

Continuing to work our way up the chain, we’ll take a look at what’s going on with the upper body. When performing any sort of directional change, the upper body should lead the movement. If an athlete is sprinting straight ahead and they make a cut to the side, the upper body should slightly turn that direction prior to the hips turning that direction. If it were the other way around—where the hips lead the movement—the upper body would lag behind, which makes that change of direction slower and less efficient.

It’s not uncommon to see an athlete perform transitions between certain patterns well and others not so well. You may also notice an athlete performing transitions well toward one direction compared to the other. I’ve specifically noticed this with defenders who play on one side of the field all the time. Often, a defender tries to take away the middle of the field and push the offensive player toward the sidelines. If a defender is playing the right side of the field, they are turning to their right far more often than their left. However, getting out of position and being forced to turn to their left can expose a poor linking skill.

Create a Theme for the Day

As strength coaches, most of us don’t have the ability to train our athletes for endless amounts of time. We may get one hour to train them. One hour is not enough time when you start to include a warm-up, plyometrics, speed training, and resistance training—you may only get about 15 minutes of actual speed training for the day. If that’s the case, you’ll be hard-pressed to expose your athlete to all patterns of movement without a well-thought-out plan.

Creating a theme for the day will give you a general focus as a coach and allow you to explore some other movement possibilities in terms of speed training. You may want your athletes to work on curvilinear running one session—instead of just having them run curves from a standard static start, you can begin to work on transitions by performing them prior to your curvilinear run. A hip turn, linear sprint, lateral run, and lateral shuffle can all be mixed in prior to running around a curve. While the focus may be on curvilinear running, you are still exposing your athletes to a variety of movement skills.

Try to find movement transitions that challenge the physical ability of the athlete. If every drill you do is easy, the athlete already has the physical capacity to perform the skill. Share on X

Try to find movement transitions that challenge the physical ability of the athlete. If every drill you do is easy, the athlete already has the physical capacity to perform that skill. Continuing to perform this skill will not expand their movement library. You can create more or less difficulty by manipulating the speed going into the transition as well as the angle coming out of the transition. Be sure to add variety into your training to enhance learning and build a bigger movement foundation.


Video 1. The transitions in this clip demonstrate how you can target one specific pattern—in this case a curvilinear run—while still incorporating a variety of other movement patterns. 

Multidirectional Plyometrics for Specific Movement Patterns

When I think about the greatest impact I can have on an athlete as far as transferring what I do in the gym out to the field, it’s improving the quality of linking skills and improving the speed and power at which the athlete performs transitions. These types of drills are great for teaching athletes to produce a high amount of force while limiting time on the ground.

Similar to choosing a theme for your speed training each day, you can perform multidirectional plyometrics to match a specific type of pattern you may be looking to improve. It may be improving power at an angle forward or backward or even directly to the side. Too often, we rely on only vertical or horizontal plyometrics, but as I discussed earlier, power on the field happens when transitioning between patterns—and that can happen at all angles and directions.


Video 2. The first part of the video shows a hip turn to a lateral run, followed by a sprint. Following this initial drill are a couple progressions to demonstrate how to develop more explosiveness when transitioning from the lateral run into the sprint.

Wrap-Up

As a coach, when you really start to look at how we can impact performance, it starts with improving the speed, power, and coordination ability of our athletes on the field. Moving well is a skill. Some athletes naturally have it, while others need to be taught.

Regardless of the level of experience of the athlete, continue to improve their physical capacity to move well, in addition to challenging and expanding their movement library.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


Reference

1. Bosch, F. Anatomy of Agility: Movement Analysis in Sport. 20/10 Publishers. 2020.

Asymmetries Loading

Determining Functional vs. Nonfunctional Asymmetries

Blog| ByDanny Foley

Asymmetries Loading

A few years back, I began working with an athlete who was coming off a very serious and rare form of thoracic cancer. For the sake of this article, we’ll call him Jake. He underwent multiple major surgeries over several years that required doctors to cut through his pec muscles, serratus anterior, lat, and about 40% of his upper abdomen; all of these surgeries were on the right side of his body. Due to the location of his tumors, they also had to break his sternum and several ribs to get to what they needed. His body was ravaged—a truly harrowing experience, to say the least.

Despite the hardships, Jake was fully committed to seeing his career through and was working his way back to being operationally fit for duty. I was extremely fortunate to be a small part of his return.

Debates on whether unilateral imbalances are detrimental, beneficial, or completely insignificant to sport have been fevered for years. And, in most cases, they have often been very siloed and shortsighted. The experience of working with profound cases, such as Jake’s, has helped me develop a broader perspective on the entirety of asymmetries. As such, in this article, I’d like to focus the discussion on the spectrum of asymmetrical imbalance and how it affects athletes/individuals spanning a variety of sport backgrounds.

Assessing Asymmetries

Rather than simply seeing asymmetries in sport as either good or bad, we need to appreciate the complexity and nuance. But the first priority is understanding that there are several variables to consider and numerous ways to discern the significance of unilateral imbalances. These factors are more or less significant depending on the athlete’s stage of development, the demands of their sport, and the position they play. A short list of the more prominent factors can be found in the graphic below.

Contributing Factors
Figure 1. Variables to consider when assessing asymmetries.

Additionally, there are numerous ways to assess unilateral imbalances; again, with the testing priority and significance being determined on an individual basis. A few of my unilateral baseline assessments typically include left/right muscle girth (muscle atrophy), functional unilateral movements such as a loaded skater squat (strength), and a Y-balance test (stability/mobility). These are reasonably simple tests with high degrees of reliability that allow you to observe the margin of difference between sides with your athletes.

Assessing Asymmetries
Figure 2. These tests have high degrees of reliability for determining the margin of difference between an athlete’s left and right sides.

Few coaches would argue that comprehensive unilateral testing is a logical part of an athlete’s training process; however, the heated question remains whether these margins of difference should or shouldn’t be addressed or “corrected” with our athletes. The unfortunate reality is this just isn’t a cut-and-dried situation, and rather than seeking empirical boundaries or ranges, unilateral deficits should be viewed individually and as a spectrum—or, as I see it, functional or nonfunctional.

Few coaches would argue that comprehensive unilateral testing is a logical part of an athlete’s training process, but they disagree on whether the margins of difference should be ‘corrected.’ Share on X

Functional vs. Nonfunctional Asymmetries

A subtlety to the military population is recognizing that a large portion of their work demands are unilaterally dominant (e.g., shooting stance, swimming stroke, vehicle position, kit/weapon positioning). Given the extreme volumes and intensities they are exposed to, not only do unilateral imbalances result, but damage and injury are all but inevitable. Thus, almost every athlete I work with has nonfunctional asymmetries, and a robust injury history.

By determining whether an athlete’s asymmetries are functional or nonfunctional, we can create a clear delineation that can help guide training priorities and programming selections. This does not indict the athlete in any way; as I see it, this is just an arbitrary way for coaches to have a better foundation for training prioritization and specificity. Functional imbalances do not need to be deliberately addressed, as they likely offer more benefit to sport performance than they do potential injury risk.

Nonfunctional imbalances, on the other hand, should be a top training priority, as egregious margins of difference between sides can become an impediment to performance and an injury vulnerability. The predominant factors outlined above, in conjunction with the amount of asymmetrical imbalance, will determine how much we should emphasize reducing the margins of difference in training.

Functional vs Nonfunctional
Figure 3. Not all asymmetries are equal, and some don’t need to be corrected.

We need to recognize that all asymmetries are not created equal. Speaking specifically for athletes—especially at higher levels—they need unilateral dominance. I see this as “protective tension,” whereby the demands of competition over the course of several years have driven unique, specialized differences in morphology or function that are optimal for their performance. Sticking with the baseball example, consider the throwing shoulder and contralateral hip of a pitcher. The throwing arm will have unique adaptations—hyperlaxity (elbow), increased rotator cuff thickness, lat extensibility, etc.—that are needed for them to perform at a high level.

We need to recognize that all asymmetries are not created equal. Speaking specifically for athletes—especially at higher levels—they need unilateral dominance, says @danmode_vhp. Share on X

I believe there are two priorities here:

  1. Don’t disrupt the imbalances too much while in-season; let the player help determine what the best ratio of differences may be.
  2. During the off-season, address these margins of difference to recalibrate equilibrium and avoid egregious discrepancies.

The goal will be to work the athletes back away from the outer (extreme) ranges, so they go into the following season with more room for regression throughout the year. Analyzing it this way, you see why simply saying “asymmetries don’t matter” or “asymmetries always matter” is shortsighted and incomplete.


Video 1. Dumbbell offset single leg RDL. Off-season training may be the best time to program exercises to address asymmetries.

Determining Significance

It all comes down to what coaches/practitioners deem to be a significant difference, given the constructs of their sport. Considering my tactical population doesn’t need much unilateral dominance for the sake of performance, I try to simplify this by observing four primary criteria:

  1. Muscular strength.
  2. Joint ROM.
  3. Muscular girth.
  4. Stability/motor control.

Within each of these, I’ve observed that ~20% unilateral difference is loosely indicative of impaired biomechanical function and injury vulnerability for what their job demands of them.

Determining Function
Figure 4. I’ve observed that ~20% unilateral difference indicates an impairment.

We can then identify asymmetries as mild, significant, or extreme.

  • Mild asymmetries are functional imbalances that present no increased likelihood for performance decrement or injury risk. This speaks to most non-specialized athletes and most individuals; in this case, unilateral deficits do not need to be a training priority.
  • Significant imbalances are those that meet the criteria outlined above but may or may not provide functional advantage. This speaks to specialized athletes (i.e., throwing/OH athletes, stick sports, and field event athletes). You will need to strategically place the management of the margin of deficit throughout your training calendar.
  • Extreme deficits occur mostly through injury (return to play), chronic development, or traumatic situations such as Jake’s. With these athletes, closing the gap is the main priority.
Asymmetry Spectrum
Figure 5. I classify the asymmetries as mild, significant, or extreme to determine whether they need to be a training priority.

One area of the unilateral debate that appears to be less contentious is return to play. Dr. Matt Jordan, a world-class coach renowned for his extensive research on the neuromuscular aspects of return to play, is someone I’ve learned a lot from on this subject. In one of his studies on ACL return to play, the research team suggested that greater than 20% differences in L/R force profiles following ACL reconstruction place the athlete at a greater risk for reinjury. This was determined using the equation provided below. It was also importantly noted that strength deficits in this instance aren’t only injured versus uninjured side, but also the injured leg post-injury compared to pre-injury.

Matt Jordan Index
Figure 6. Equation used by Dr. Matt Jordan and his research team to determine return to play readiness after an ACL injury.

In the case of return to play, I would advise strength coaches to be vigilant in testing/assessing unilateral deficits once they’ve finished formal physical therapy. Bear in mind that in most PT/rehab settings, the protocols are often localized and isolated in nature. Where the PT’s job is to restore independent function and localized strength, I see our side of the return to play spectrum as restoring strength in a global and integrated sort of way.

Strength coaches should be vigilant in testing/assessing unilateral deficits once an athlete finishes formal PT. Our side of return to play is restoring strength in a global and integrated way. Share on X

Using the post ACL rehab example here, the PT will improve things like knee flexion/extension ROM and strength, while we improve load tolerance on split squats and the ability to cut/change direction between the injured and uninjured leg.

Addressing Deficits

There are three specific ways I go about addressing unilateral deficits, which for the most part can correspond to the degree of significance as outlined above. These strategies are removing bilateral loading (mild asymmetries), using biased training parameters (significant/extreme), and offset loading, which can be used in a variety of ways across the spectrums of asymmetry.

Stratifying Asymmetries
Figure 7. The three ways I address unilateral deficits in the athletes I train, corresponding to the degree of asymmetry.

1. Removing Bilateral Loading

Removing bilateral movements from programming effectively forces each side to work independently for itself. This can be a good way to exploit less obvious unilateral deficits and challenge the athlete to work on less familiar patterns. When used strategically, this can be a simple and effective strategy to keep the body honest unilaterally. One population that I feel this is particularly applicable with is Olympic weightlifters. Although the sport of Oly is largely bilateral in nature, there is a high volume of unilateral dominance that accumulates over time due to the mechanics of the split jerk.

Considering the jerk is always performed with the same leg coming forward, this can take a toll on the hips and low backs of Oly athletes. Another subtlety to consider with the split jerk is the disproportionate stress placed on the feet and ankles during the jerk actions. A disruption to the ankle/foot (e.g., chronic turf toe in the back leg, immobilizing the talus on front leg) can have a global impact and become a significant impediment to training.

2. Biasing Program Parameters

This is something reserved exclusively for athletes who’ve exhibited significant, nonfunctional asymmetries. The use of programming bias is a nuanced approach and something that can be undertaken in a variety of ways. But to keep this simple, the purpose of using biased programming is to stress the non-dominant side “X%” more in training.

Broadly speaking, I use increased volume (i.e., more sets—not reps—on the nondominant side) to address muscular atrophy in early phase programming. Then, in later phase programming, I use increased intensity (i.e., relative higher loads on nondominant side) to close the gap on strength/power deficits.

3. Offset Loading

Offset is a versatile training application with an array of benefits. I recently published an article describing the benefits of offset loading for a sport performance population, but, as it applies in this context, offset work can be beneficial for addressing unilateral imbalances. In a sense, offset loading provides a unique effect in that it emphasizes one side of the body but still demands output from both. Movements become more demanding on trunk stability and core musculature and, I’d argue, collectively demand more from muscle groups (increased motor unit recruitment).

In a sense, offset loading provides a unique effect in that it emphasizes one side of the body but still demands output from both, says @danmode_vhp. Share on X
Biomechanics of Offset Loading
Figure 8. The movements in offset work become more demanding on trunk stability and core musculature, which proves beneficial in tackling unilateral imbalances.

When we have a substantial margin of difference between the left and right extremities, there are numerous trunk adaptations that must subsequently take place to accommodate this unilateral dominance. And a residual effect of this can become the amount of torsion experienced at the spine, as the athlete has recurring disproportionate stress at certain junctions or on the discs themselves. While this may be difficult to measure in the practical sense, it’s important to appreciate that margins of difference between deep core muscles and offset loading offer a very simple way to attack the deficits effectively.

Programming Considerations

Programming variables are collectively based on how significant the deficits are and in accordance with the demands of sport/specialized development. Functional asymmetries do not need to be stressed as a priority; however, I believe there is merit to utilizing some of these strategies irrespective of imbalances. When specifically addressing nonfunctional imbalances, however, we should address the margins of difference by modifying programming variables and exercise selection.

In the case of Jake, over time the nature of his injuries shifted the way he did everything—from his posture to his gait and everything in between, he now accommodated for his right-side deficits. During our initial assessment, Jake had a more than 20-degree difference between left and right hip extension (deficit on left leg), significant differences in hamstring strength (deficit on left leg), and ankle dorsiflexion (deficit on right ankle). So, in addition to the more obvious unilateral imbalances on the right side of his upper body, we were really attacking this from all angles.

When specifically addressing nonfunctional imbalances, we should address the margins of difference by modifying programming variables and exercise selection, says @danmode_vhp. Share on X

I’ve used biased programming in a handful of cases, and this was certainly a feature of Jake’s programming. We followed a protocol of progressively increasing volume discrepancy (2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) with concurrent decreases in load discrepancy across a six-week training split. The volume bias proved to be effective, as we reduced the difference in arm circumference from around 4 inches to around 2 inches between the right and left biceps. We also worked in a good bit of offset loading, which I felt was specifically beneficial for his general motor control and trunk stability. A full breakdown of our programming split can be found in the graphic below.

Programming Spectrum
Figure 9. A look at an example six-week training split for the athlete profiled in this article.


Video 2. Dumbbell offset incline press.

On a micro view, the main goal with our primary lifts was to find exercises we could apply heavy loads to and create a high CNS strain. For Jake, these mainly included hex bar deadlifts and push press variations. I like to “double down” on primary lifts, loading both conventionally and in an offset fashion (see 1A/2A below). The secondary focus was to challenge motor control and trunk stability. We accomplished this utilizing a number of offset variations—DB/KB uneven applications for presses, pulling, and hinge patterns as well as a lot of band offset movements: split squat, marching, and bridge variations. A full sample is shown below:

Sample Program
Figure 10. Micro view of the specific lifts and offset variations used by this athlete.

Jake was one of those athletes who will forever stick with me. Not just because our time together became a catalyst for how I perceive training methods, but more so due to the indelible impression his valor and determination made on me. In a relatively short time frame (six weeks), Jake saw tremendous progress, adding 11 pounds of muscle, dropping about 2% body fat, and showing significant improvements in strength and capacity. Although we didn’t completely resolve Jake’s unilateral deficits, arbitrarily I would say he went from ~50% margins to ~25% across the board. This enabled him to continue his career, have control over his future, and, most importantly, continue to be a husband and father…which is what matters most.

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


GPP

5 Common Misconceptions About GPP (General Physical Preparedness)

Blog| ByMissy Mitchell-McBeth

GPP

Another day, another misused term in the strength and conditioning industry. And thank goodness! Without these arguments of semantics, what on Earth would everyone do on Twitter? We could post content, but we all know that gets less than 10% of the engagement brought about by inflammatory statements. So put on your fingerless gloves, pop that mouthpiece in, and step into the octagon.

On the card for tonight’s fight is general physical preparedness (GPP): actual definition versus interpretation. For purposes of this discussion, I’ll be using the Biblical definition:

“The GPP is intended to provide balanced physical conditioning in endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, and other basic factors of fitness.”

Didn’t run across that in the Old or New Testament? I’m referring to Mel Siff’s Supertraining, the bible every self-respecting strength coach lists in their top 5 books but few have actually read.

So, let’s start unpacking some of the misinterpretations of GPP.

Misconception #1: GPP Means High-Volume/Low-Intensity Work

In writing this article, I did a little poking around through the most credible academic source there is: Google. I ran across an article that eloquently defined GPP using Siff’s work. The author continued with a beautiful interpretation of the concept, then made a hard pivot into low-intensity sled pushes/pulls as the only correct implementation of GPP.

Face. Palm.

There are two misconceptions in this line of thinking, but let’s start with the first: the complete overlooking of anything after the word “endurance” in Siff’s quote. As I tell the athletes that I train:

“All the words in the sentence are important.”

The proper interpretation is right there in the definition if you read all the words. It isn’t just endurance. Speed, strength, flexibility, and more are all components of GPP.

To be clear, one can sprint, jump, throw medicine balls, and lift, and it still falls under the heading of GPP. In fact, anything that isn’t sport skill practice could be classified as GPP.

One can sprint, jump, throw med balls, and lift, and it still falls under the heading of GPP. In fact, anything that isn’t sport skill practice could be classified as GPP, says @missEmitche11. Share on X

So, toss out the idea that GPP can only mean circuit training, sled pushes, and long, slow distance running. (While we’re at it, unless you train distance runners, go ahead and kick LSD running to the curb, please and thank you.) Instead, hold on to the fact that GPP means a comprehensive and well-designed strength and conditioning program.

I mentioned a second problem in the “low-intensity sled” statement above, so here we go next.

Misconception #2: GPP Means Using Certain Tools and Not Others

It’s early off-season, OMG DON’T TOUCH THAT BARBELL THIS IS GPP ONLY.

While there is certainly a time and a place to get athletes out from under a bar, to reduce their intensity, or to focus on different types of movements, that doesn’t make dumbbells/sleds/bands the only available tools for GPP.

As outlined above, any tool you would ordinarily use in the course of your strength and conditioning program can be used to develop GPP. Because, again, your strength and conditioning program is GPP.

GPP is about achieving physiological adaptations, not about showing preference to specific implements.

Misconception #3: Athletes Don’t Need GPP, They Need Sport-Specific Training

This nasty little lie is particularly prevalent in non-football sports, and it is absurd. Athletes need BOTH.

For clarity, there is a difference between sport-specific training and sport mimicry. Sport-specific training is playing and practicing your sport. Sport mimicry is attempting to devise specialized exercises that look like sport skills to promote greater transfer to the field of play. Sometimes this is done well! Zach Dechant and his use of various forms of resistance to load the lower body mechanics of pitchers comes to mind.


Video 1. An example of sport mimicry done well: Coach Zach Dechant using resistance bands to load the lower body mechanics of his throwing athletes.  

Unfortunately, sport mimicry is typically done horribly.

I worked with a volleyball coach who designed contraptions that were belts with arm and leg tubing attached. The athletes would take spike approaches wearing them for “sport-specific training.” However, the tension on the bands was enough that mechanics weren’t even within range of what might be required to hit a volleyball. The attempt at loading the desired movement was a massive failure. In truth, most attempts at sport mimicry do exactly this: fail because they significantly alter the mechanics of the skill to the point there is very little transfer.

With sport specificity clearly defined, let’s discuss training volumes. Athletes in today’s sport model take an absurdly high volume of sport-specific reps. I’m not here to argue that the skill demands of sports don’t dictate that. However, if an athlete is playing year-round and already taking a large number of these reps, do they really need more of the same movement patterns in the weight room? Absolutely not—particularly when they have no mastery of basic movements like squat patterns, hinge patterns, pushing, pulling, and bracing. The goal of GPP is to fill buckets that may not be addressed in the sport but are relevant to the sport. The goal is not to add to already overflowing buckets.

The goal of GPP is to fill buckets that may not be addressed in the sport but are relevant to the sport. The goal IS NOT to add to already overflowing buckets, says @missEmitche11. Share on X

But allow me to clarify: any inclusion in the strength and conditioning sessions should transfer to sport performance. If it doesn’t, it’s a waste of time. Circling back to LSD running or high-volume circuits—they will improve some physical capacity in your athletes…but is it one that will help them in their sport? Nope. So don’t waste valuable training time and/or your athlete’s limited energy.

Misconception #4: GPP Is Only for the Off-Season

If we use the operational definition above (that a comprehensive strength and conditioning program is GPP), it should be clear that this needs to be present in some amount year-round in an athlete’s training program. I will concede that in-season, GPP should take a definite back seat to the sport itself. But this doesn’t mean the complete elimination of it from the training program. In fact, the season is the longest, uninterrupted training phase for many athletes. Shouldn’t we use this to continue developing the total athlete, particularly at lower levels of sport?

Yes. Yes, we should.

But we need to be intelligent with our dosage. Practice and competitive volumes are already quite high, so our GPP volume should be reduced overall. Intensity can (and should) remain relatively high to maintain and even improve metrics like speed, strength, and power. Speed could be dosed into an athlete’s weekly plan via Feed the Cats style workouts where fatigue is the enemy, not the training goal. One might even see *gasp* improvements in KPIs by continuing to train during season.

Revolutionary concept: being at our absolute best in-season when our best is required.

Misconception #5: GPP Is Best Used with Non-Football Athletes Because They Won’t End Up Getting Bulky

I laugh so hard at this I almost fall off my dinosaur. Somehow, despite all of the science and common sense in the world, this narrative still persists.

Before continuing to propagate this misconception, ask yourself a few questions:

  • Will athletes benefit from gains in strength in my sport?
  • Will athletes benefit from being more powerful in my sport?
  • Will athletes benefit from being fast in my sport?

If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then your athletes will likely benefit from working in the repetition ranges and percentage zones that best address these qualities. An exact description of each is outside of the scope of this article, but you can find more info on the topic here.

Another consideration to combat this narrative is as follows: most individuals who are making a focused effort to gain lean body mass struggle to achieve what the layperson would define as “bulk.” So, unless your athletes are genetic anomalies, it simply won’t happen. (I’m looking at you, coaches of female athletes.) What might happen instead is your athletes will become better prepared for the demands of their sport.

I’m also going to take a little side rant here: stop focusing on aesthetics in girl’s/women’s sports. You do nothing to make them better athletes by telling them they want “long and lean muscles.” Instead, you may be doing psychological damage by promoting the societal construct of what a woman is supposed to look like. Let them be strong, powerful, and aggressive. If you aren’t able to overcome this fallacy, you aren’t part of the problem, you very much are the problem.

Conclusion?

Instead of following the standard writing guidelines of using a snappy summary to wrap up a piece, I’ll leave you with a bonus misconception, one near and dear to my heart:

Bonus Misconception: GPP Builds Mental Toughness

Oh look, my favorite topic: poorly designed workouts with the express purpose of inducing fatigue. Somewhere along the lines, coaches believed this was the move to develop mentally tough athletes.

Somewhere along the lines, coaches started to believe that poorly designed workouts with the express purpose of inducing fatigue was the right move to develop mentally tough athletes. Share on X

Mental toughness has a number of components, but at the end of the day, it can be simply defined as the ability to give your best when the circumstances aren’t optimal.

More often than not, the types of workouts I’m referring to teach quite the opposite: they teach athletes to conserve and give just enough effort to not get screamed at. Not only are we missing out on the physical traits needed for the sports, we are creating the wrong mental ones.

I also find it comical when mental toughness “phases” are built into training programs. Basically, what you’re saying is hey, y’all have to stay behind the line for starts during this bootcamp, but the rest of the year as a coaching staff we are far too busy to enforce the little things.

Instead of doing ridiculous workouts during certain times of the year, how about we just train smart and hold athletes accountable to relevant details all the time? What if…full-time consistency beats part-time intensity?

Since you’re here…
…we have a small favor to ask. More people are reading SimpliFaster than ever, and each week we bring you compelling content from coaches, sport scientists, and physiotherapists who are devoted to building better athletes. Please take a moment to share the articles on social media, engage the authors with questions and comments below, and link to articles when appropriate if you have a blog or participate on forums of related topics. — SF


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